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history nat 5 > Changing Britain > Flashcards

Changing Britain Flashcards

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1
Q

Living conditions in cities

A
  • Pollution
  • Overcrowding
  • Disease
  • Waste disposal
  • Poor quality housing
  • Lack of fresh water
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2
Q

Reasons for problems of overcrowding

A
  • Due to large numbers of people moving the cites, not enough houses for all the people
  • Low wages and high rents caused families to live in as small spaces as possible
  • Migration - push and pull reasons, wanting to escape poverty and hunger
  • Industrialisation - more factories and workers needed
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3
Q

Reasons for the spread of diseases

A
  • Diseases like typhoid, typhus, tuberculosis and cholera existed
  • Reasons: rapid pace of industrialisation, weak local and national gov and lack of understanding of causes of disease
  • Waste
    -Overcrowded housing
  • Filth, dirt and rubbish
  • Lack of food, clean water and clothing
  • Dumped rubbish
  • 14 feet between buildings
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4
Q

Improvements in living conditions and slums

A
  • 1848 Public Health Act
  • 1875 Public Health Act
  • 1866 Sanitary Act
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5
Q

1848 Public Health Act

A
  • to improve sanitary conditions of towns by encouraging cities to set up boards of health and provide clean water.
  • Local boards of health must be established.
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6
Q

1875 Public Health Act

A

Forced many towns and cities to clean up streets and improve working conditions

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7
Q

1866 Sanitary Act

A

Gave town councils the power to force land owners to connect new houses to sewers. Force landlords to improve conditions in slums.

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8
Q

Medical advancements

A
  • During major cholera epidemic in 1854, John Snow made connection between disease and water supply
  • Edward Jenner discovered vaccination then vaccinations against cholera were created
  • Joseph Lister introduced sterilisation of dressings and surgical equipment during operations
  • Hospital building programme began in late 1800s and Florence Nightingale made them cleaner
  • 1847 James Simpson discovered chloroform, an effective aesthetic
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9
Q

Dangers in cotton mills

A
  • Illness
  • Exhaustion
  • Injuries
  • Overseer’s punishments
  • Getting crushed by large machinery
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10
Q

Dangers in coal mines

A
  • Cave ins
  • Flooding
  • Black lung
  • Nystagmus (eyes hurt all the time)
  • Gas leaks
  • Poisonous gases
  • Explosions
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11
Q

Improvement of factories

A
  • 1833 Factory Act
  • 1878 Factory Act
  • Invention of the spinning jenny by James Hargreaves
  • James Watt’s steam engines
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12
Q

1833 Factory Act

A

No children under the age of nine to work - if between 9-13 48 hrs per week and part time schooling
- Inspectors created to enforce act but only a few were effective
- Parents and doctors lied about the ages of the children
- Schooling avoided
- If factories persecuted, fines were very low

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13
Q

1878 Factory Act

A
  • Brought all previous acts together - consolidation
  • No child under 10 employed
  • Compulsory education for children up to 10
  • 10-14 only employed half days
  • Women no more than 56 hours per week
  • Inspectors increased
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14
Q

Improvement of mines

A
  • 1842 Coal Mining Act
  • 1911 Coal Mine Act
  • Deeper mines, working to support the roof
  • Upcast and downcast shafts to provide ventilation
  • Invention of Davy Lamp which helped to prevent gas explosions
  • Easier coal transport
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15
Q

1842 Coal Mining Act

A
  • 8 hr day
  • No boy under 14 to work underground
  • Required all mine owners to make rescue stations, provide teams of trained rescuers
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16
Q

Growth of railways

A
  • Railway building began in 1830s in industrial areas
  • Pulled 30 tons of coal, impressed mine owners
  • Railway opened on 15th Sep 1830, within month, line was carrying 1200 passengers per day
17
Q

Why were railways built?

A
  • Trade
  • Population growth - increase in demand for coal etc
  • Reliability - better than canals
  • Cost - raw materials could be transported quickly
18
Q

Impacts of railways

A
  • Holidays
  • Boosted industries
  • Created jobs
  • Improved communication
  • Easy travel
  • MPs could travel freely between constituencies and parliament
19
Q

Why did canals decline?

A
  • Summer: canals dried up
  • Winter: Froze over
  • Many canal owners did not invest and network began to look shabby
  • Canals became mainly used for tourism
  • By 1800s railways were faster and could move goods
  • Slow
  • even short journeys involved several canal companies, inconvenient paperwork, expensive
20
Q

Pressure for democratic reform up to 1884

A
  • Few people could vote
  • MPs were unpaid, you had to be rich to be one
  • Open voting: voters could be intimidated/bribed
  • Rotten boroughs - small villages had few people but an MP
  • Parliament controlled by rich landowners, often passed laws to suit themselves
21
Q

Radical unrest at Peterloo - St Peter’s Field

A
  • Happened in Manchester in 1819
  • Radicals increased demands for political reform
  • Group organised large meeting at St Peter’s Field
  • 60,000 came to listen some with children and picnics
  • 1000 locals to deal with potential riot
  • Crowd got excited, commanders sent into crowds, determined to arrest group leaders
  • People threw rocks and sticks at them, more horses charged
  • 10 mins later, people had fled but 11 were dead and between 400-600 wounded
22
Q

Chartism Demands

A
  • They were radical protesters
  • All men right to vote
  • End bribery and corruption and elections
  • Each MP representing roughly same amount of people
  • Elections every year
  • Pay for MPs
23
Q

Failures of the Chartists

A
  • Petitions: presented to parliment three times, all times rejected
  • Many signitures on petitions fake and chartists became the subject of jokes
  • Many workers scared of losing their jobs or being arrested so they ignored them
  • Branded as being ‘dangerous revolutionaries’
24
Q

Successes of the Chartists

A
  • 4th Nov 1839 Newport rising. 5000 workers armed arrived in Newport, gunfire broke out, 25 min gun battle resulted in deaths
  • Without existence of the Chartist movement it may well have taken longer for any other reforms to take place after 1832
  • First real organisation of the working-class population in Britain
25
Q

1832 Reform Act

A
  • 76 new constituencies created - cities like Manchester were given MPs
  • 56 of the corrupt boroughs abolished
  • Voting now based on value of property, not where you lived
  • Less rotten boroughs
26
Q

1867 Reform Act

A
  • Men or lodgers who owned or rented property of £10 a year could vote
  • Depopulated areas lost the right to an MP
27
Q

1884 Reform Act

A
  • Voters in countryside given same rights as those in towns
  • Adult males owning or renting land worth £10 a year could vote

history nat 5 (3 decks)

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