Changes in the Magnitude of the Water Cycle Stores Flashcards

1
Q

How long does water usually remain as seasonal snow cover?

A

2 to 6 months

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2
Q

How long does water usually remain in rivers for?

A

2 to 6 months

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3
Q

How long does water usually remain as soil water for?

A

1 to 2 months

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4
Q

How long does water usually remain in lakes for?

A

50 to 100 years

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5
Q

How long does water usually remain in glaciers for?

A

20 to 100 years

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6
Q

How long does water usually remain in shallow groundwater for?

A

100 to 200 years

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7
Q

How long does water usually remain in deep groundwater for?

A

10,000 years

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8
Q

What is the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone?

A

A low pressure zone caused by high temperatures, which leads to high levels of evaporation. The warm, moist air then rises and condenses to form towering banks of cloud and heavy rainfall.

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9
Q

Cloud formation in mid-latitudes?

A

It is mostly driven by convergence of Diameter of inhibition zone of warm air from the Tropics and cold air from the Arctic.

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10
Q

What is a “jet stream”?

A

Strong upper level winds.

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11
Q

Why are largely changeable conditions experienced in the UK?

A

Because of the jet stream - these drive unstable weather conditions across the mid-latitudes

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12
Q

On a glacier, what is the equilibrium line?

A

It marks the altitude where annual accumulation and melting are equal.

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13
Q

The melting of the polar ice sheets could lead to…?

A

A 60m sea level rise - adding more liquid to the ocean store.

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14
Q

How could deforestation affect a hilltop water cycle?

A

The removal of trees reduces infiltration and interception. Overland flow increases.

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15
Q

How could storms affect a hilltop water cycle?

A

Intense rainfall increases the amount of precipitation reaching the ground which increases the magnitude of the stores.

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16
Q

How could urbanisation affect a hilltop water cycle?

A

If the slope is developed for housing, impermeable surfaces will be used and reduce infiltration.
Trees will be cut down.
Water will flow quickly through pipes to nearby river channels.

17
Q

How could farming affect a hilltop water cycle?

A

Ditches drain the land and encourage water to flow quickly to rivers.
Irrigation increases the amount of water on the ground.

18
Q

How do seasonal changes affect a hilltop water cycle?

A

Winter snowfalls and frozen ground interrupt the water transfer and affect the magnitude of stores.

19
Q

Why does atmospheric water have the lowest residence time?

A

Because the water is returned to the terrestrial system through precipitation when the temperature of the air is reduced to dew point, but the temperature remains constant.

20
Q

Why does deep groundwater flow have the greatest retention time?

A

Due to a lack of solar energy, the water in this store is unable to evaporate.