changes in medicine c1848 - c1948 Flashcards
1
Q
what were the four humours
A
yellow bile, black bile, phlegm and blood
2
Q
what was the theory of opposites
A
the idea that illness was caused by too much of one humour, and eating or drinking something with the opposite of those qualities would restore balance
3
Q
what was spontaneous generation
A
rotting material created maggots, fleas and disease
4
Q
why wasn’t there a lot of research to do with microorganisms
A
people didn’t know the link between microorganisms and disease, and microscopes were rare and expensive.
government didn’t feel responsible for issues like public health.
doctors didn’t want to learn new methods of doing things
5
Q
why were Nightingale’s parents surprised when she wanted to be a nurse
A
it was a low status job
6
Q
how many patients were there at Scutari
A
10,000
7
Q
where did the patients at Scutari sleep
A
on the floor or sharing beds
8
Q
what common diseases were at Scutari
A
typhoid fever, cholera and diarrhoea
9
Q
what were supplies like at Scutari
A
limited medical supplies
poor quality and limited food supplies
10
Q
were the patients at Scutari clean and hygenic
A
they were infested with lice and fleas
11
Q
what was the quality of the hospital at Scutari
A
infested with rats and mice
built on an underground cesspool
12
Q
what did Nightingale do at Scutari to improve conditions
A
scrubbed everything clean washed everything opened windows new supplies improved quality of food and cleaned kitchen
13
Q
when did the death rate at Scutari start decreasing
A
only after a government commission repaired drains and improved water quality
14
Q
what are microorganisms
A
single celled living organisms which are too small to be seen without a microscope
15
Q
what types of surgery were available c.1840
A
basic (cutting open a boil) or life threatening (cutting off a tumour or performing an amputation).
16
Q
what did being the best surgeon mean
A
you were the quickest at your job
17
Q
pain relief available c.1840
A
opium
alcohol
being knocked unconscious
18
Q
tourniquet
A
something wrapped tightly around a limb to reduce blood loss
19
Q
why was infection common in surgery patients
A
unhygenic conditions surgeons wore dirty clothes reused bandages and dressings surgeons didn't wash their hands many people watched the surgery
20
Q
advantages of using ether
A
it was a pain relief
21
Q
disadvantages of using ether
A
side effects like vomiting
irritated lungs
patients could be unconscious for days
22
Q
what was new and good about chloroform
A
it had no side effects
23
Q
who and what popularised using chloroform
A
Queen Victoria used it in childbirth
24
Q
who was James Simpson
A
Professor of Medicine and Midwifery at Edinburgh University
25
give reservations some people had about chloroform
"the bible said childbirth was meant to be painful"
how would chloroform affect the unborn baby?
what dose of chloroform is right?
"one unconscious might be more likely to die than one kept conscious from the pain."
26
how did chloroform alter how surgeons worked
they felt more ambitious and did longer, deeper more complicated operations.
27
what was the black period in surgery
partly as a result of new pain relief, death rates rose, blood loss and infection remained a huge problem.
28
what types of infection were common in surgery patients
gangrene and sepsis
29
what was the living conditions like in london c.1840
```
families living in a single room
90 people in a single house
houses were usually damp with little light or ventilation
in bad weather there was flooding
a privy might be used by 100 people
```
30
how did families collect water
from a pump shared by 20-30 families often from polluted rivers, available for a few hours 3-5 times a week.
31
what did Chadwick write arguing for the improvement of working class living conditions
the sanitary conditions of the labouring population, stating it was worth people's time to improve their living conditions, as better health meant more of them could work and make profits. he said they should spend taxes on improving housing for the poor.
32
when was the public health act c.1840
1848
33
what did the 1848 public health act do
set up a general board of health
allow local boards of health
have 3 commissioners for the board of health
34
did the 1848 public health act do much
no, it was very temporary improvements and were suggestions, so some local authorities took no action.
35
what did Snow do to prove the link betwen cholera and water
mapped out all of the cholera deaths close to the Broad Street Pump, and linked them to the infected polluted water supply they were drinking from the pump.
36
why did Parliment pass a new act funding a sewer system in 1858
the great stink (rubbish and excrement in the Themes becoming exposed as a result of high heat) made MP's pass an act.
37
who was louis pasteur
french research chemist
38
what did pasteur realise initally
microorganisms infect liquids
| heating the liquid stopped them going sour
39
what were the main ideas of germ theory
the air contains living microorganisms
microorgainisms are not evenly distributed in the air
microorganisms can be killed by heating them
microorganisms in the air cause decay
40
where was air clearer
in mountains (as opposed to in cities)
41
was the germ theory believed and valued by other scientists
no, it was resisted and even ridiculed.
42
how did pasteur find the link between microorganisms and disease
he realised silkworms were being killed by a disease caused by a microorganism
43
what impact did pasteur and his work have in the next 30 years
it eventually led to an understanding of why infection developed after an operation.
44
when did Robert Liston use ether as an anathestic
1846
45
when did james simpson discover chloroform as an anathestic
1847
46
when was the first public health act
1848
47
when was the cholera epidemic and john snow's work on the broad street pump
1854
48
when was the great stink
1858
49
when did florence nightingale publish Notes on Hospitals and Notes on Nursing
1859
50
when was the Nightingale school for the training of nurses established
1860
51
when was Pasteur's germ theory
1861
52
what happened in 1865
Lister's first use of carbolic acid in surgery
| Elizabeth Garrett Anderson officially qualifies to practice medicine
53
when was the 2nd public health act
1875
54
when was the artisans dwellings act
1875
55
when was the Medical act that allowed women to study medicine and qualify as doctors
1876
56
when did Pasteur publish germ theory and its applications to medicine
1878
57
when did edwin chadwick publish the sanitary conditions of the labouring population
1842
58
where was the broad street pump
soho, london
59
what did semmelweiss find
death rates were higher at vienna general hospital than at home births
60
why were death rates higher at vienna general hospital than home births
doctors came straight from the dissecting room without washing their hands
61
was semmelweiss taken seriously
no his ideas were ridiculed and ignored by the medical community.
62
when position was Lister in 1859
professor of surgery at glasgow university
63
when did lister become a surgeon at glasgow royal infirmary
1861
64
antiseptic definition
something that will kill microorganisms
65
what did lister realise carbolic acid did
kill microorganisms responsible for the decay and smell
66
give 2 ways lister used carbolic acid during surgery
carbolic spray
| bandages soaked in a solution of carbolic acid
67
did lister's carbolic acid work
yes it lowered death rates
68
opposition to listers ideas about carbolic acid:
surgical instruments became slippy
the doctor's hands became cracked and sore
if pasteur's germ theory was not accepted, neither was lister's.
some doctors used his methods badly and therefore saw no results and no need
nurses frustrated by the extra time it took
if doctors already had a hygenic routine of soap and water they saw no need
lister often experimented with his techniques, suggesting he was unsure of their effectiveness
69
who was joseph bazalgette
chief engineer at london metropolitian board of works
70
how much was bazalgette given for the sewers
£3 million
71
what were the two key features in the sewers
large, oval and built of brick so sewage wouldn't get stuck.
| dispose of the waste in the river thames, where the river was tidal and sewage would be washed out to sea.
72
how long were the sewers
2000km
73
when were the sewers built by
1875
74
factors/causes for bazalgettes sewers
the great stink
| snow's work on cholera
75
what does laissez-faire mean
the idea that people should be free to run their business without too much government interference or taxation
76
why did people oppose the government starting to take action in public health
they didnt want to pau more taxes
77
how did the government get people to support their action in public health
they expanded who could vote so more people would pay taxes.
78
what did the public health act of 1875 make local authorities responsible for
supply of clean water
building public toilets
ensuring new housing was built to good standards
inspecting conditions in lodging houses
employing health and sanitary inspectors to make sure regulations were obeyed
creating street lighting
checking food quality on sale
79
did manchester improve public health
yes they formed regulations on the size of rooms and windows for sufficient light and ventilation
80
did Birmingham improve public health
yes improved water supplies
| demolished slums
81
how did women typically care for patients
look after patients in their own home
82
were women allowed to be doctors
no, not allowed higher education or medical training
83
how were hospitals funded
usually through charity
84
when did local hospitals start to be set up
c1860
85
how did patients get admitted to hospitals
note of recommendation from a doctor
86
what were infirmaries
larger hospitals
87
where were larger infirmaries
in towns and cities
88
was the standard of care good in hospitals
no it was low
89
when was notes on hospitals published
1859
90
what was in notes on hospitals
importance of keeping everything clean, to have lots of fresh air, and to have space between the patients beds.
91
when was notes on nursing published
1859
92
what was in notes on nursing
importance of ventilation, light, bedding, cleanliness, and food for the patient
93
what was set up in 1860
the Nightingale school for nurses
94
how many books did nightingale write on hospital design and nursing
over 200
95
suffragist definition
a word used for those who campaigned for women to have the vote
96
what did the medical act of 1858 say
doctors needed to be officially registered with the general medical council
97
who inspired garrett into becoming a doctor
blackwell
98
where did garrett become a nurse
middlesex hospital
99
apothecaries definition
the people who mixed the ingredients in the physicians prescriptions; early version of a chemist
100
where did garrett gain a medical degree
society of apothecaries
101
when did garrett become qualified
1865
102
when did garrett open st marys dispensary
1866
103
what was st marys dispensary changed to and when
the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital in 1918
104
how did jex-blake and four other women get medical degrees
they got their degrees abroad, just like blackwell, hoggan and garrett.
105
what did an act of parliment in 1876 say
that universities and medical societies should accept women.
106
what was garrett a member of
the british medical association.
107
did germ theory have a large impact on medicine by 1875
no, but it was broadly accepted
108
what was anthrax
the microorganims causing a disease in farm animals that spread through blood
109
how did koch prove that anthrax microorganisms caused the disease
a microscope and then staining and photographing microorganims.
110
when did koch publish his work on anthrax
1875
111
why was kochs work on anthrax important
it showed these techniques could be used to investigate disease and preventions of disease
112
when did pasteur publish his germ theory of infection (that linked disease to microorganisms)
1878
113
pasteur and his team injected chickens with a weakened dose of chicken chloera. how did they react?
they did not develop chicken cholera, even with a fresh culture
114
what did pasteur vaccinate anthrax baccilli into 1881
```
24 sheep
one goat
six cows
and a control group of
24 sheep
one goat
four cows
```
115
how did the farm animals respond to the injections
the vaccinated animals survived the anthrax bacilli, whilst the control group all died except the feverish and swollen cows.
116
who did pasteur vacinate with rabies
9 year old Joseph Meister
117
what diseases did koch identify the microorganims that caused it
tuberculosis
| cholera
118
how did koch identify the microorganisms that caused different diseases
he developed the use of agar jelly for growing cultures in a petri dish and used industrial chemical dyes to stain microorganisms to study them under a microscope.
119
what effect did the rivalry between koch and pasteur have
the governments (already international rivals from the franco-prussian war) funded their scientists well in the hopes of having their scientist accomplish more.
120
what is aseptic (surgery/techniques)
methods used to try to prevent microorganisms from coming into contact with the open wound during an operation
121
what is antiseptic (surgery/techniques)
something that will fight the infection by killing the microorganisms
122
how did koch's steam steriliser improve surgery
it could be used in place of carbolic acid to kill microorganisms by heat
123
give some aseptic conditions in surgery
clean operating theatres without spectators
clean clothes
masks
rubber gloves
124
cauterisation def
placing a piece of hot steel against a wounded blood vessel to seal the ends of wounds
125
problems with thread ligatures
they could become hard and prevent the wound healing properly, or could be a new source of infection
126
advantages of catgut ligatures
did not create infection after being soaked in carbolic acid and dissolved in body after 2-3 weeks
127
what anesthetic occasionally caused sudden deaths during operations
chloroform
128
problems with using cocaine as an anesthetic
it was addictive
129
when was the safer version of cocaine developed and what was it called
novocaine, local anesthetic
130
local anesthetic def
numbs one part of the body
131
general anesthetic def
makes the patient unconscious
132
who discovered blood transfusions
karl landsteiner
133
what were the different types of blood
A, B, O, AB
134
what problems were there with blood transfusions
the blood doner had to be there and the blood would clot immediatly after being taken from the patient.
135
antitoxins def
antibodies which neutralise toxins caused by microorganisms
136
how did emil von behring find antitoxins could be used to fight disease
if he found that if he injected antitoxins into a patient they could fight diptheria
137
magic bullet def
a treatment that would kill the disease-carrying microorganisms without affecting other cells in the body
138
which disease was the first magic bullet developed for
syphilis
139
who discovered x-rays
wilhelm rontgen
140
why were x-rays not patented
so that everyone could use them freely
141
how could x-rays be used in medicine
to show the details of broken bones so that it could be set, locating objects within the body, and diagnosis' (e.g. of tuberculosis)
142
how could radium be used in the treatment of cancer
to shrink or kill tumours
143
did marie curie get a nobel prize
yes, two in different fields, she was the first woman to get one.
144
what nationality was koch
german
145
what nationality was louis pasteur
french
146
what did pasteur's germ theory of infection show us was the cause of disease
microorganisms
147
vaccination def
the process of injecting weakened microorganisms in order to stimulate the body's defenses and protect against the disease in the future
148
which disease was a vaccien first used for
rabies
149
what is a culture (of bacteria)
bacteria grown in controlled conditions, usually in a liquid or substance like agar jelly
150
petri dish def
small round glass dish used in labatory work
151
give some examples of the diseases koch identified the specific microorganisms for in the 1880s
tetanus, pneumonia, meningitis
152
what did the public health act do to improve water supplies
made local authorities responsible for lots of public health measuares and ensuring that sewage was properly treated and could not contaminate water supply or street cleaning. it was made illegal for factories to dump their waste (such as chemicals) into rivers
153
what did the public health act do to improve the safety of the streets
keep them clean to reduce the number of mice, rats and flies. lighting so that people could avoid rubbish and dirt.
154
how did the public health act improve the quality of housing
inspections to ensure sufficent light and ventilation
155
how did the public health act improve the quality of food on sale to the public
inspections of quality of food
156
what did the 1876 river pollution prevention act do
stop factories putting waste in rivers
157
when was the food and drugs act
1875
158
when was the infectious disease (notification) act
1889
159
what did the 1889 infectious disease (notification) act say
all householders and doctors must report any cases of infectious diseases
160
what is an isolation hospital
a hospital to deal with infectious disease
161
what are blood transfusions
transferring blood from one person to another person who needs it with the same blood type
162
when did karl landsteiner discover the different types of blood
1901
163
give a blood disorder
anaemia
164
who identified antitoxins and for diptheria and when
emil von behring in 1890
165
who discovered x-rays
william rontgen
166
who and when carried out surverys showing that many lived below the poverty line
charles booth and seebohm rowntree in 1891-1903
167
why were politicans motivated to try and improve the health of the nation
1/3 of volunteers for the Boer Wars were unfit to fight. it needed an effective and well trained army
168
what is a welfare state
one where the population expects the fovernment ot use the money from taxes to care for various groups in society and to protect them from the problems associated with poverty
169
what was introduced in 1906
free school meals. these contained the vital minimum nutrients for children to grow healthily
170
what did the board of education produce that they sent out to schools
a booklet saying children should be taught about hygine to help reduce the spread of diseaese
171
when was the school medical service set up
1907
172
what did the school medical service do
check schoolchildren for illnesses and conditions like ringworm or lice
173
when was the childrens and young persons act set up
1907
174
what did the childrens and young persons act do
make it illegal to sell them alcohol or tobacco or to send a child out to beg
175
what act was introduced in 1908
old age pensions
176
how many recieved pensions
600,000 in 1908
177
when were labour exchanges set up
1909
178
why were the liberal gov reforms important
they showed the gov understood the link that poor hygiene had with disease, and the lack of treatment for those in poverty
they also started to accept the role of protecting the health of the people (local authorities could not do this as they couldn't collect tax)
179
why did many people avoid treatment
they couldnt afford it
180
what treatment was available for people in 1909
hospital free dispensaries to queue for treatment
| sick clubs
181
national insurance act 1911 (4)
workers could claim free medical care
maternity grant
sickness benefit
optional unemployment benefit fund
182
why was the national insurance act 1911 important
prevent families falling below the poverty line or allow them to cope if wage earner fell ill
first time some groups had got treatment
but only available to workers and not family
183
why were there so many medical developments in ww1
far more casulties and need for improvements
184
paticular problems for soldiers
gangrene, infection (from bullets and shrapnel) and posion gas
185
conditions in the trenches
rats
body lie
dirty and unhygienic
186
main medical problems in the trenches
trench foot
trench fever
shell shock
dysentary
187
what were the three treatment centres set up to help casualties
regimental aid posts
dressing stations
casualty clearing stations
base hospitals
188
what was the RAMC
section of army that dealt with injured soldiers
189
who was part of QAIMNS and FANY
trained nurses
190
who were VADS
branches of the red cross organisation
191
were female doctors welcomed on the front
no they were called hysterical women
192
who set up voluntary hospitals
wealthy women with experience of running family estates
193
was there a greater acceptance of women after the wat
no they were treated differently at the war and expected to return to their work as GP's
some schools opened to women during the war and then closed again
194
how did xrays help surgery during the war
(already: Useful for dealing with wounds and locating remaining pieces of bomb fragment/metal/shrapnel
Marie curie's mobile ones)
195
problems that remained with xrays during the war
could not identify clothing, patient had to remain still
Glass tubes often overheated
High dose of radiation harmful
196
new techniques in surgery after the war
Thomas splint
| Prostethic limbs
197
blood transfusion developments between 1901 and 1917
1915 adding sodium citrate stops blood clotting
1915 stored longer if refrigerated
1915 blood injected into patient before surgery
1916 adding gluocose citrate increased storage time
1917 pre-made type O blood depots
198
thomas splint
Bones could break straight through skin (and cause infection/further injury) and they needed to be kept straight and still, so thomas splint used survival rate went from 20% to 82%
199
prosethetic limbs
Over 240,000 lost limbs so they were developed with lighter metal alloys and more advanced mechanisms
200
what did surgeons now have to deal with in ww1
more injuries to the brain and CNS, and soldiers might be confused or unconscious
201
who experimented with drawing out shrapnel with magnets
harvey cushing
202
what had replace soldiers soft caps by 1915
steel helmets
203
who experimented with using pieces of bone or cartilidge to recreate facial features
harold gillies
204
what did gillies develop that built on the work of surgeons before the war
skin grafts, or the pedicle tube. this required many operations and lots of time so a special plastic surgery unit was set up for it in 1917
205
why did fleming initally not pursue his wrk about the enzyme lysosome
the lab he was workiing in was focussed on developing vaccines
206
how did fleming 'discover' penicillin
he had been studying staphylococcus cultures, and when he went on holiday, he left the cultures piled up in one corner. he returned to find that one of the cultures had been contaminated with mould and that the culture had been destroyed in the area around the mould.
207
genus def
a group of similar types of microorganisms
208
antibiotic def
a drug using one type of bacteria (microorganims) to giht the microorganisms causing infection
209
why did fleming not develop penicillin more (post discovery)
research showed it was slow to act and ineffective when mixed with blood. he thought it would be better as an external cream but failed to get funding so returned to his original work.
210
what did Domagk test on mice to find it cured striptococcus infecetions
prontosil
211
how did Domagk confirm his prontosil
his daughter Hildegarde got ill and in desperation he gave her prontosil (as she was going to die) and she was completelt cured
212
what was the key ingredienet in prontosil
sulphonamide
213
what other diseases were cured after the sulphonamide in prontosil was used
pneumonia, scarlet fever and meningitis
214
who began to follow up on flemings research
a team at an Oxford hospital led by Howard Florey and Ernest Chain
215
how did the oxford team manage to test penicillin
they gave 8 mice streptococci, then gave 4 penicillin. the ones without all died and the ones with survived 4 days - over 6 weeks
216
what was the main problem with peniccillin production
it was hard to produce and you needed a lot of it
217
how much pencillin was needed for one human
500l
218
who did the team test penicillin on first
albert alexander, a policeman who had septicaemia
219
did the first test of penicillin go well
no they ran out of penicllin and albert died
220
why didnt florey get a patent
he thought it was such an important drug that it should be available to everyone once mass-produced
221
why wasnt enough support for funding available in britain
britian went to war since 1939 so pharmaceutical companies were producing supplies of exisiting drugs or been damged by bombs
222
where did florey turn to next to get funding
the usa, who became interested and about 35 institutions got involved.
223
when did florey finally get funding
when the usa entered the war in 1941 large amounts of funding were committed
224
where did florey use penicillin first in war
north africa. the results were very convinicing
225
who was the nobel peace prize for medicine awarded to in 1945
fleming, florey and chain
226
what would a welfare state provide for its citizens
housing
unemployment benefit
medical treatment
care for elderly
227
which party won a landslide victory in the 1906 british general election
liberals
228
why were there more casulties in ww1 than ever before
artillery
| larger and more countries involved
229
why were casulties grouped by type of injury at base hospitals
so doctors could begin to specialise
230
two examples of the tasks that members of VADs did
drove ambulances
| acted as nurses
231
who was the RAMC
royal army medical corps
232
give the name of one woman doctor who worked on the western front
louisa garrett anderson
233
what did the duchess of sutherland establish to treat wounded soldiers
transport to france and Belgium, taking nurses and equipment to set up hospitals and casualty clearing stations in france and belgium
234
how many qualified women doctors were there in 1911 and then in 1921
1911: 610
1921: 1500
235
would excision or debridement
th e cutting away of dead damaged and infected tissue from around the site of a wound. then stitched up.
236
carrel-dakin method
using a sterilised salt solution in the wound through a tube was the most effective alternative to using antiseptics on gas gangrene
237
problems with the carrel dakin method
had to be made as it was needed as it only lasted 6 hours
238
developments in blood transfusions in 1915
adding sodium citrate stops blood clotting
stored longer if refrigerated
blood injected into patient before surgery
239
developments in blood transfusions in 1916
adding gluocose citrate increased storage time
240
developments in blood transfusions in 1917
1917 pre-made type O blood depots
241
explain what trench foot is
painful swelling of the feet caused by standing in mud/water that could lead to gangrene
242
give two conditions in the trenches that led to disease
unhygenic conditions
rats
close proximity of soldiers to eachother
243
give one reason why surgery was difficult at casualty clearing stations near the front line.
had to be performed quickly for good outcomes
| impossible to create aseptic conditions
244
give two advances that were made in the development of blood transfusions and storage during ww2
1915: adding sodium citrate to blood would stop it clotting and allow it to be stored
1915: indirect blood transfusions before surgery by injection would reduce blood loss
245
how did the thomas splint help treatment of wounded soldiers
keeping broken leg bones straight and stable
246
how did the first world war stimulate advances in prosthetic limbs
more advanced mechanisms
lighter metal alloys
so many were needed (240,000 soldiers lost limbs)
247
which two specialist areas of surgery advanced during ww1 as a result of a need to treat wounded soldiers
skin grafts
plastic surgey
brain surgery
248
give two things a welfare state would provide for its citizens
housing
| healthcare
249
give two things that the government introduced to improve the health of working class children in britain 1906-11
one free school meal a day
| booklet teaching hygiene and disease
250
how could labour exchanges help the unemployed
one place to go to find work that had all the job opportunities
251
give one reason why there were more casulties in the first world war that in any previous war
use of new weapons like artillery
252
explan what gangrene is
when blood cannot reach one part of the body and it begins to rot
253
give two effects of poison gas on soldiers in the first world war
eye injuries
| lung injuries
254
explain what excision was
removal of dead, damaged or infected body tissue before stitching up a wound
255
explain what the carrel-dakin method is
using a sterlised salt solution to sterilise wounds
256
what was the second magic bullet
prontosil which cured steptococcus
257
when was the ministry of health created
1919
258
how did the government try to improve the health of children in the period after the first world war
they encouraged vaccination against diptheria and provided free milk throughout the school day
259
what did the british red cross and the london blood transfusion service set up
a blood transfusion service
260
what was the view on womens role in medicine after the second world war
that in the more traditional parts of medicine, women doctors would step aside and/or restrict themselves to the areas considered as women's medicine.
261
what happened to funding after ww2
there was less urgency so research teams found it hard to develop their discoveries with a lack of funding.
262
how was medical care provided just after ww2
mainly through GPs and small local hospitals. larger hospitals and medical schools might be involved in developing new techniques, but the new ideas were slow to spread
263
when was the emergency medical service created
1939
264
what was set up and coordinated as a result of the bombing in britain
voluntary hospitals
charity hospitals
town council ran hospitals
enough ambulances and doctors
265
how did the role of women change in the period after the war
many finished their training after ww2 had finished and when male doctors had returned. so they were still far more likely to work in GP's or public health clinics than in hospitals.
266
why did many medical school discourage women from entering (esp in the 1920's)
they thought training women was a waste as women would leave to raise/start a family
some men believed medical training destroyed the 'delicate nature' of women
some of the male students did not want to train alongside women
267
why did women get paid the same amount as men
some men worried that if women were cheaper, they might be appointed jobs ahead of them. so mnay hopsitals agreed that salaries would be the same for both sexes.
268
why was the impact of worl war 2 on women less than eorld war 1
fewer male doctors were called to the armed forces.
269
why did evacuation put pressure on medical services
large hospitals were in towns and cities, so the smaller hospitals in rural areas lacked the capacity, facilities and doctors to care for the increased populations.
270
how did the red cross help in thebombing
set up first aid posts and mobile first aid units. volunteers acted as stretch bearers.
271
what was the aim of medical care during world war 2 for london
to divide a 65 km area into 10 sections, and then establishing first aid and casulty sorting centres in the danger areas.
272
nurse orgnaisations serving with the army
FANY
VAD
TANS
QAIMNS
273
impact of ww2 + penicllin on surgery
ww1: wounds must be cleaned wounds and give treatment quickly before gangrene
ww2: penicllin effective at preventing gangrene
274
who published Plastic Surgery of the face in 1920
harold gillies and t.p. kilner
275
who became the raf consultant surgeon in 1938
archibald mcindoe
276
two main problems suffered by pilots
muscles and nerves damaged so patient unable to move or feel
| disfigurement to appearance which led to psychological problems
277
what did mcindoe ban and then introduce for injured raf pilots
banned chemical treatment for burned areas, and introduced saline baths instead.
278
who developed skin grafts futher after gillies
vladimir filatov
279
who were the guinea pig club
support network for raf pilots who had had experiments of treatments. some suffered with psychological problems
280
neurosurgey in ww2
wylie mckissock followed up on cushing's work.
281
what did dwight harkwn develop
a technique to remove bullets and shrapnel from the heart
282
blood transfusion service during the second world war
army blood supply depot
janet vaughan collected 50 bottles
eight regional centres
283
what did doctors start to give instead of blood
```
blood plasma (as a substitute)
also developed dried plasma packages
```
284
what illness got a vaccine during ww2
tetanus
285
condition of PTSD in ww2
seen with much more sympathy. psychiatric hospitals set up.
286
what campaign was carried out in the 1930's about vaccines
parents were encourgaed to have their children vaccinated against diptheria
287
when was the beveridge report
1942
288
five evils of beveridges report
```
want
disease
ignorance
squalor
idleness
```
289
what party was elected in 1945
labour
290
what factors contributed to the setting up of the welfare state
evacuees shocked at the urban poverty they grew up in after seeing the countryside
more acceptance about the involvement of the gov in the public's lives
significant medical breakthroughs
need to organise hospitals and medical staff during ww2
291
when ws the nhs set up
1948
292
services provided by the nhs
```
pregnancy
diagnostic checks
access to a gp
dental treatment
treatment and medication
```
293
who set up the nhs
aneurin bevan
294
did doctors support the nhs
not at first they wanted thier own private practices to make more money
295
how did bevan get the doctors in support of the nhs
a lot of their demands were his ideas, and he could grant them happily and easily. this meant he could persuade them to his.
he also agreed to pay GP's according to how many patients they saw
296
how was the nhs funded
through contributions to the national insurance by employers and employees
297
how did mcindoe help his patients with their psychological problems
he socalised them with the public and local residents. organised dancers to visit
298
how had the emergency medical service contributed to the public health provision in britain
they coordinated hospitals and healthcare
299
what task was william bevridge given
asked to produce a report outlining ideas for the future (of healthcare)
300
what promise did clement atlee (new labour prime minister) make in 1945 about the welfare state
it would be set up to protect the people "frim the cradle to the grave"
301
impact of the nhs
huge
- women and children previously unprotected by the 1911 national insuance act
- those who could not afford treatment could now get it
302
during which war did penicllin begin to be mass produced
ww2
303
when did fleming, florey and chain recieve the nobel peace prize
1945
304
give on reason why it was initally difficult to use penicllin as a treatment
it was difficult to produce without significant funding and factories to mass produce it
305
name one group of nurses who worked with the armed forces during ww11
FANY
VAD
TANS
QAIMNS
306
what was the guinea pig club
mcindoes patients who required plastic surgery
307
give one way in which blood transfusions improved during the second world war
blood plasma used as substiture for whole blood and dried blood plasma developed which made transportaion and storage easier
308
what impact did the NHS have on life expectancy in britian in the late C20th?
life expectancy dramatically increased
