a divided union: civil rights in the usa, 1945-74 Flashcards
when was the consitution of the usa produced
1791
consitution definition
a set of basic laws and principles that a country or organization is governed by
congress definition
the group of people chosen or elected to make laws in the USA
federation definition
a group of people, states etc
where is rhe US federal gov based
washington dc
what is the legislative constitution
it makes laws
what does the legislative consist of
congress
senate
house of representatives
what is the executive constitution
carries out laws
what does the executive constitution consist of
president
vice president
cabinet
departments
what is the judicial consitutuion
evaluates laws
what does the judicial constitution consist of
supreme court
other federal courts
impeach definition
prosecute a person in government for misconduct while in office
amendments (political) definition
changes to a bill or constitution
ratified definition
given formal approval
how many amendments have there been to the US constitution
27
capitalist definition
someone who supports capitalism, an economic and political system in which businesses belong mostly to private owners
communist definition
someone who supports communism, a political system in which the government controls the production of food and goods and there is no privately owned property
when was the first red scare in the usa
1919-20
what was feared in the first red scare in the usa
that immigrants from eastern europe would try to take over their government and make the usa communist too.
what happened in the first red scare in the usa
thousands of suspected communists were arrested and some russian immigrants were sent back to russia.
did fear of communism reduce after 1920
yes but not completely.
what was the soviets ‘buffer zone’
soviet troops remaining in the liberated countries (after WW2) and set up communist governments, to try and prevent another invasion from the west.
what did the west take from the soviets ‘buffer zone’
it looked like the soviet union was trying to take over europe
when did the usa successfully test an atomic bomb
july 1945
what was the cause in the sudden development of atomic bomb research by stalin in russia
the two atomic bombs dropped on japan by the usa
when did greek communists try to take over their government
1946
what did the us government do in response to the attempted greek communist takeover of their government
sent money to the greek government to remove the communists. the soviet union voiced encouragement to the communists.
in 1947 and 1948 which eastern european countries became communist
ones under soviet influence
what was the truman doctrine
a doctrine promising to help to support any country resisting takeover by other groups or countries (by which they meant communists).
what was the marshall plan
financial help in the belief that communist ideas were more likely to hold in areas of poverty.
what was stalins response to the marshall plan
he saw the usa trying to extend its influence and didnt allow any eastern european countries to accept the aid offered.
what was germany split up into in 1945 following WW2
four zones controlled by the usa, the uk, the soviet union and france.
what did the usa do in 1946 that caused the fear of a recovered germany in the soviet union
the usa combined their and the soviet unions zones without consultation that would later become west germany.
what did stalin block to where in june 1948 in an attempt to make the whole of berlin dependent on the soviet union
all road, rail and canal supply lines into west berlin
what did president truman do in 1948 as a response to transport blockages by stalin
send in supplies by aircraft into the city
what did stalin do in may 1949 to prevent starting a war by firing at the american aircrafts
reopen supply lines
what happened after chinese communists won the civil war and took control of china in 1949, part of the cold war
there were other communist uprisings, and in 1950, communist north korea invaded capitalist south korea. the us gov persuaded the un to send military help to south korea. north korea was supported by the soviet union. the un forces managed to push back north korea but when china joined the un were pushed back to the original border. neither made futhur gains despite another 2 years of conflict.
when did the soviet union successfully test their atomic bomb
august 1949
federal bureau of investigation definition
the usa’s domestic intelligence and security service
what are hearings
where evidence is presented and people testify to a court or government body; not the same as a criminal trial
intelligence (political) definition
information about the secret activities of foreign governments, the military governments, the military plans of an enemy etc.
who was edgar j. hoover
director of the fbi
what was hoover concerned about that led him to writing to president truman
he was concerned about communist spies working within federal government departments
what order did president truman give in march 1947
it allowed government employees to be removed from their posts if there were ‘reasonable grounds’ to believe they were disloyal to the united states
between 1947 and 1951 how many government workers were investigated?
3 million
between 1947 and 1951 how many government workers were fired or forced to resign
3000
was any evidence of spying found from the 3 million government workers investigated between 1947 and 1951
no
what does HUAC stand for
house of unamerican activities committee
why was HUAC set up
to monitor extremist groups suspected of unamerican activites
who set up HUAC
the us government
who was selected to be on HUAC
members of congress
when did HUAC start public hearings and what were they about
in the climate of 1947 on the threat presented by the communist party of america
hoover was the most important witness and saw HUAC’s potential in educating the public and exposing the traitors. what did the fbi do next?
the fbi started passing along in information to HUAC which then called suspected communists and witnesses to be questioned.
how many writers, producers and directors were called in by HUAC for questioning
41
when were the 41 writers, producers and directors called in for questioning by HUAC
from october 1947
how many did HUAC name communist out of the 41 questioned
19
what happened when the 19 of 41 people were ordered to appear before HUAC
ten refused to answer and pleaded the first amendment
what happened when 10 out of 19 out of 41 people pleaded guilty
all were jailed for a year for contempt and were blacklisted. most never worked in hollywood again.
what was the impact of the hollywood ten
it increased anti-communist hysteria and gave huge publicity to HUAC’s work. hollywoood increased production of anti-communist films
who was alger hiss
a member of the state department who had been an important adviser to president roosevelt in the 1930’s and in WW2.
when was hiss named as a member of a communist group
1948
did hiss deny being a communist to the HUAC questioning
yes
what did richard nixon say about hiss and his hearing
nixon (a member of HUAC) said that hiss had been leaking information to the soviet union.
when did hiss go to trial
1949
when was hiss sentenced to prison
january 1950
what was hiss sentenced to
5 years in prison
what was the impact of the hiss case
it ‘proved’ that hoover was right - communist spies could be found at the highest offices of the land
when was klaus fuchs arrested and what for
in february 1950 for passing on information to the soviet union on how to develop an atomic bomb
what was klaus fuchs sentenced to and by who
14 years in prison by the british court
did klaus fuchs name any other spies
yes, david greenglass
was david greenglass arrested
yes, in the usa
did david greenglass name any other spies
yes, his sister and brother in law, ethel and julius rosenberg
did the rosenbergs plead guilty
no, they denied all charges
when was the rosenberg trial
march 1951
were the rosenbergs found guilty
yes (despite weak evidence which historians belive)
what were the rosenbergs sentenced to and when did the sentence take place
death. they were executed on 19th june 1953.
what was the mcCarren internal security act
an act that made all communist organizations register with the government
when was the mcCarren internal security act
august 1950
when was the mcCarren act was strengthened
1952
the mcCarren act was strengthened, what changed
communists were not allowed us passports
communists were not allowed to work certain jobs
in an emergency, anyone suspected of ‘subversion’ could be put in a detention camp without facing trial
mcCarthyism definition
a term used to describe the anti-communist hysteria of the 1950’s
propaganda definition
information, which is often false or exaggerated, to make people think or belive certain things
first amendment definition
the right of everyone to their own views and free speech
blacklisted definition
marked as unacceptable and therefore not used
republicans definition
one of the two main political parties in the usa. generally more right wing than the democrats.
democrats definition
one of the two main political parties in the usa. generally more left wing than the republicans
when did joseph mccarthy become republican senator for wisconsin?
1946
what state was joseph mccarthy a ______ in
he was a republican senator for wisconsin
how many members did mccarthy claim to know were members of the communist party in the us state government after the hiss trial
205
after mccarthy gave more speeches the number of members of the communist party in the us state government after the hiss trial was reduced to?
57
who consisted the tydings comittee
members of congress
the tydings committee investigated mccarthys claims about 57 members of the communist party in the us state government after the hiss trial and found them to be untrue. what was mccarthys response
to call senator tydings ‘un-american’ and a communist sympathiser. tydings was not re-elected later that year.
why did mccarthy manage to keep support of the republicans
his accusatations helped to explaon why the korean war, the cold war was not going well for the usa
who won the 1952
republicans. most democrats who opposed mccarthy lost their seats
what did eisenhower make mccarthy
chairman of the government committee on operations of the senate
how did mccarthy hold hearings
firstly, in private, then public and used bullying and aggressive questioning to gain more publicity (especially attacking high-profile figures)
how influential was mccarthy
very, thousands attended his speeches, and millions watched his tv appearances. even though nobody accused by mccarthy was ever convicted of spying he continued to win popular appeal
who did mccarthy attack that president eisenhower did nothing about
popular war general george marshall
what began mccarthy’s downfall
the army-mccarthy hearings in spring 1954. they were televised and the bullying was finally broadcast to the public
how did the army fight back to the army-mccarthy hearings
they found evidence of mccarthy abusing his priviliges as a member of congress and sent this to critical reporters.
what did ed murrow do that contributed to mccarhy’s downfall
on the 9th march he broadcasted an entire episode of his show “see it now” that used video footage to criticise mccarthy.
when did the senate formally condemn mccarthy and what for
December 1954 for improper conduct
how and when did mccarthy die
of alcoholism in 1957
radical def
radical ideas are very new and different, adn are against what most people think and believe
socalist def
relating to socialism, an economic or political system in which large industries are owned by the government and taxes are used to redistribute wealth
left-wing
liberal, progressive views that believe in equality and government intervention to help enforce this.
direct impact of mccarthyism
thousands of valuable people (in state government and not) lost jobs and careers
indirect impact of mccarthyism
widespread hysteria
trade unions seen as communist
americans gave info to the fbi on suspected communists
people stopped talking about politics in fear
politicians rarely campaigned for left-wing issues
damaged usas reputation
which area had worse (legal) segregation and discrimination, the north or thr south
south
how did the north remain mainly segregated without laws
racism and discrimination blocked african americans from gaining higher jobs, and often they were paid half of what a white person would own, so african americans had to live in the poorest areas, where there were few white people
in the 1950’s in the south what did black people face to be able to vote
there were many intentional obstacles:
difficult literacy test
poll tax
violence or threats against african americans when they tried to vote.
what were lynchings
killings (usually hangings) done by a group where the victim is suspected of a crime but has not been tried.
why did the government not change the rules to allow less racism and obstacles to vote
they needed the support of southern politicians, who were either racist themselves or did not want to annoy racist voters in their states
the supreme court does not rely on the support of the president or congress. why didn’t they change the laws
in the Plessy vs Ferguson case, they ruled separate facilities were allowed if they were equal.
when was the plessy vs ferguson legal precedent set
1896
who were the NAACP
a civil right campaign group:
what happened initally witht he brown vs topeka case
it was rejected with the plessy vs ferguson legal precedent
why did linda brown’s parents go to court
she had been rejected by the summer elementary school which was for white pupils only
what did the NAACP persuade linda’s parents to do
take their case to the supreme court, where it was combined with four other similar cases
which new judge ruled that school segregation was unconstitutional
earl warren
which NAACP lawyer led the brown vs topeka case
thurgood marshall
what happened a year after the brown decision
a second supreme court ruling said that school desegregation should happen ‘with all deliberate speed’.
deep south def
five states in the southeast usa where segregation covered all aspects of life. (georgia, alabama, south carolina, missisippi, and louisiana) arkanasas often included.
integrate def
become part of a group or society, or help someone to do this
white supremecist def
someone who believes that white people are better that people of other races
ku klux klan def
an extremely racist organisation, started in 1865, that believes in the superiority of the white, protestant christians.
negatives of the brown vs topeka ruling
families faced anger
black pupils found their education suffered
black schools providing a good education closed
some african american teachers lost their jobs
in some areas segregation became more extreme due to white flight
why, where, and when was the first white citizens council set up
in 1954 in indianola, mississpi, to maintain segregation
what did white citizen councils do
put pressure on state authorities, organise protests and petitions, and many were inspired to join the worst white supremacist group, the ku klux klan
branches of the KKK began reappearing all over the south, what did they do
they once again had meetings encouraging racial hatered and put burning crosses infront of houses to frighten the people inside. members wore their traditional long white robes and hoods as a disguise. they used methods such as beating, lynching and shooting victims.
who were targets of the KKK
civil right protestors and supporters, black or white.
what did the KKK start to use after the Montgomery Bus Boycott
bombs
who was emmett till
a 14 year old northerner from chicago who travelled to mississippi in the summer of 1955 to visit relatives.
what were the supposed events of emmett till and his friends
on the 24th august, till boasted to his friends that he had a white girlfirend at home. they dared him to go into bryants grocery and meat market and talk to the white owner’s wife carolyn. carolyn claimed that he flirted and touched her.
what happened to emmett till
four days later (28th august), carolyns husband and his half brother, roy and j.w milam beat him, shot him in the head and threw his body into the river.
what did tills mother do
mamie bradlry insisted that his body was sent back to her in chicago. she left the coffin open so that people could see what had been done to her child. this got high media attention and it shocked many people
were the murders of till sent to jail
no the all white male jury found them not guilty in just over an hour.
impact of tills death
many white americans saw the extreme racism in the south. raised awareness.
motivated many african americans to take a more active role to bring about change. many african americans of the same age identified with till and wen ton huge civil rights protests.
where and when did rosa parks refuse to move
1st december 1955 in montgomery alabama
who had been campaigned for a bus boycott prior to rosa parks
the womens political council. they wanted to improve the service paticularly for african american women. they had already warned the mayor of a boycott if things did not change.
why was rosa parks chosen to lead the boycott
she was highly respecteed and worked as a secretary at the NAACP.
right time
when did the WPC call for all african americans to boycott the buses
5th decemebr (the day of parks’ trial)
who helped publicize the boycott
churches and college groups.
was the bus boycott a success
yes, around 70% of passengers were african american so the buses were primarily empty.
who led the MIA (montgomery improvement association)
martin luther king
what were the MIA’s demands for the boycott
drivers should treat all african americans with respect
black drives should be used for routes with mostly black passengers
african americans should not have to leave their seats to go sit at the back.
what happened on the 8th december 1955
the MIA met with the bus company, who refused all of their demands. this led to the MIA demands hardening, the boycott continuing for 381 days, causing serious financial harm to the business.
how did they maintain the bioycott
carpooling, black taxi companies.
role of the churches in boycott
they created support for the boycott and encouraged people to keep going, they provided meeting places for planning and discussion and raised money for cars. they also bought people shoes.
problems african american faced from whtite citizens in montgomery
verbally and physically harassed
drivers of shared cars frequently arrested for minor offences
laws that prevented crowd gatherings were used to arrest groups waiting for shared cars.
role of NAACP in the bus boycott
they took Browder vs Gayle to court, saying bus segregation went again the fourteenth amendment (equal protection fo the law to all american citizens). this raised awareness gained attention and led the MIA to change their approach and demand total desegregation for the buses as well.
what happened on the 22nd februrary 1956
around 90 leading members of the MIA, including King were jailed until the 19th march
when did the judges int he browder vs gayle case rule for desegragatio on buses
5th june
when did the bus company and white citizen councils appeal to the supreme court
13th nov and then the 17th nov
when did african americans return to the buses
20th december 1956
significance of the bus boycott
provided a form of protest that worked, direct non-violent action, and publicized the movement and martin luther king
did the boycott cause a complete change
no only in one small area and other facilities remained segregated for years
protestors def
someone who takes part in a public activity such as a demonstration to show their opposition to something
boycott def
refuse to buy or use partifular goods or services as a way of protesting
dixiecrats def
a separate, pro-segregation political party formed by the southern democrats in 1948
filibuster def
a tactic used in congress to stop a vote on a bill, the most common is to talk until the time limit for the debate is reached
when did truman try to pass a civil rights bill that got blocked by republicans and dixiecrats
1948
a civil rights bill was introduced in 1956 but what happened
strom thurmond filibustered for 24 hours. they tried again in 1957 with a weakened version and got it through.
on the 9th september 1957 eisenhower signed the civil rights act, waht did it contain (2)
setting up the US commission on civil rights, which began investgating how african americans were blocked from voting.
allowing federal courts to prosecute states who tried to prevent people from voting.
did the 1957 civil rigths act have an impact
no, but it was the first itm ein 82 years that the federal gov had attempted to improve lives of african americans
civil rights act 1960
introduced federal inspections of the voting process.
why did little rock start taking applications from black students
the federal government ruled that it must start integration
how many black students were set to come to little rock
25
how many black students started at little rock in september 1957
nine
how was the arkansas govenor
orval faubus
faubus announced what on national tv
he had ordered state troops to stop the students entering school for their own protection
when did the federal police take over and accompany the students into school
23rd septemebr
how did eisenhower help in little rock
on the 23rd september, he signed a presidental order that sent 1200 federal rtroops to little rock and put them in charge of local state troops who would protect the black students.
when could the little rock nine finally go to classes
25th september
for how long were the little rock nine protected by the army for
a year
impact of little rock
it showed the federal gov could overrule state goc if events reached extreme. raised publicity.
sit ins def
a type of protest in which people refuse to leave a place until their demands are agreed to
when/waht/where were the first sit ins
on the 1st februraru 1960 four african american students sat at the whites only lunch counter in woolworths department store in greensboro and waited to be served.
did people join the woolworth sit in
yes, by the 4th feb there were more than 300.
how many people took part in the sit ins overall
70,000
reposne to sit ins
abuse from white segregationists, phyically attacked, thousands arrested - ‘jail not bail’ high media attention and more people began to support them.
CORE means
congress of racial equality
SCLC means
southern christian leadership comittee
MIA means
montgomery improvement association
SNCC means
student nonviolent co-ordinating committee
ACHMR means
alabama christian movement for human rights
what did SCLC do with the sitins
they helped to train students to become more important protestors
who was ellie baker and what did she do
she had wrked at the NAACP and the SCLC, and arranged for King to speak at greensboro to maintain confidence
the students were going to join the SCLC but instead they set yp the
SNCC
did eisenhower support the sit ins
he said he was deeply sympathetic
impact of the sit ins
hugepublivity
inspired many students and this led to more of their involvement in the protests of the 60s
slight change of direction, as they were more confrontational than previous protests.
huge numbers
they desegregated some facilities
white protestors
tactic could be applied across a lot of facilities
what did the supreme court confim in 1946
desegregation of state transport
who planned the freedom rides
CORE
aim of the freedom rides
to provoke a violent reaction that would generate huge publicity and force the federal government to act
what happened with the fredom rides at anniston
they were met by an angry crowd led by local KKK leader william chappell and the crowd attacked the bus, and a firebomb was thrown inside. the crowd left in case of an explosion when it hit the engine so those inside could escape.
did freedom rides continue after anniston
yes and the SNCC helped
how many freedom riders were arrested
over 300 in the south
did the freedom rides achieve theri aim
yes, very embarrasing for the usa
who was james meredith
he applied to university and it was rejected, so he took his case to the NAACP which took it to court.
what happened with merediths case
the supreme court ordered the uni to take him, they didnt, so kennedy sent hundreds of federal officials.
impact of the rioting to stop meredith
2 civilians died and 300 were injured.
who was martin luther king
his father was a minister, he studied at boston university, he became well known through the montogmery bus boycott
why was king well respected
he was well-educated well-spoken and a passionate speaker
continually emphasised non-violence
worked with people of all races
baptist minister
who was king heavily influenced by
gandhi
kings biggest contribution
his speeches
when was king assasinated
4th april 1968
why was birmingham chosen for the marches
it had not desegregated any facilities at all and had a large KKK group
who organised the birmingham peace marches
SNCC,SCLC and ACMHR
march def
when a large group of people walk together to express their ideas about something
demonstration def
an event at which a large group of people meet to protest or to support something in public
when was the first birmingham march
3rd april 1963
how many children were arrested at birmingham
over 1000
what happened to the protestors at birmingham
chief connor ordered dogs to be set on them, used powerful hoses on them. this got a lot of media attenion and sympathy
impact of birmingham
a few desegregated facilities, extreme violence led to some serious black riots.
aim of march on washington
show support for new civil rights bill being debated
how did kennedy try to keep order during the march on washington
brought in 1000 extra poolice and 2000 members of the national guard. they werent needed
was the march on washington peaceful
yes they sung prayers, musical perfomaces, and speeches. events broadcast to the world
american dream def
the idea that anyone in the usa can become wealthy and successfyl through hard work because everyone has the same opportunities and freedom
who delivered speeches at washington
NAACP, SNCC, SCLC and king’s dream speech
importance of march on washington
huge number of supporters showed that civil rights was wanted by many
event brought huge publicity
put further pressure on politicians
a presidental election was due in november 1964, so what did the NAACP, CORE and SNCC do
‘freedom summer’ campaign which focused on missippi and getting more african americans to vote
what did the freedom summer involve
setting up a new political party (the mississpi freedom democratic party)
what did the MFDP do
ran classes to help african americans pass the voter registration tests and opened schools that taught black history and politics
why were a lot of the 1000 volunteers for the freedom summer project white and young
if violence occured it would generate big headlines
who were killed in the freedom summer
michael scherner, andrew goodman and james chaney
was the freedom summer a success
only 1600 more african americans successfully managed to vote although 17,000 tried to
capitol def
a building where legislature/parliment meets
on sunday 7 march (bloody sunday) what happended
the march in selma was stopped by police and they attacked the protestors with tear gas, horses, clubs and electric cattle sticks
in august what happened as a result of selma
congress passed the coting rights act
civil rights act 1964 (4)
segregation and discrimination in public places, education and businesses banned
voter registration tests had to be fair and the same
discrimination in employment banned.
equal opportunities commission established to investigate
the fed gov could remove funding from state projects that discriminated
voting rights act 1965 (3)
set up one fair national voting registration test for everyone
banned states from setting their own voting qualifications unless they were approved by fed gov
appointed fed examiners to supervise voter registration in states
protests of civil rights movement essential, alongside
attitudes of presidents
more people in congress who wanted to do the right thing
emergence of more radical activists
who followed kennedy
johnson
black nationalsim def
the desire by certian african americans to form an independent country
when was the nation of islam set up
1930
who was maclom x
upon leaving prison in 1952 he became a minister for the nation of islam before becoming its representative. he travelled over the usa trying to convert people
why did malcom x gain supporters if most saw him as extreme and dangerous
he seemed to understand the social and financial problems faced by many african americans tahat the civil rights movement had failed to address
what led malcom x to change his views
he went on the hajj and saw all the muslims treating others equally.
when did malcom x leave the nation of islam
1964
on retunring to the usa waht did malcom x set up
the organization of afro-american unity as a civilr ights group that would also promote close links with those in africa.
when was malcom x assasinated
1965 by three memebrs of the nation of islam
who was stokely carmichael
well known campaigner for the SNCC
ghetto def
a part of a city where people of a paticular race or class live separately
growth of black power
many african americans angry at the slow progress made
expressed the anger they felt about lack of employment opportunities and conditions in city ghettos
change in SNCC and rise of black power groups
encourgaed african americans to be proud of their heritage and defend themselves
what happened at the 1968 olympics
tommie smith and john carlos won the gold and bronze 200m sprint. during the national anthem, they did the black power fist and wore black socks to symbolise the poverty of african americans. they were banned from future olympics and recieved abuse. inspired many young black americans
when was the black panthers set up
1966 in oakland california
what was the ten point plan
the black panthers aims
successes of the black panthers (5)
orgnised free black medical clinics ran breakfast clubs for black children provided free shoes for black families ran classes on black history encouraged cooperation between different african american gangs
what happend in the race riots in 1964-1968 ish
showed discontent
329 major riots in 257 american cities
over 200 killed.
billions of dollars of property and goods damaged
causes of the race riots
poor living condidiotns in ghettos
failure of the polivce and city authorities to reported problems
unfair treatment by police.
impact of the race riots
lost sympathy of white supporters
whit people more afraid of african americans (extaggeration by media)
money given by federal gov to improve condiditons in ghettos, but this was often spent on weapons and training for police rather than the problems.
widened focus of civil rights movment
what did the campaigns by th SCLC and king focus on
improving housing
emplopyment
education
what did the poor people’s campaign (set up by the sCLC )do (3)
extension of welfare to help the unemployed
fair minimum wage
education for poor adults
bussing def
where buses were used to transport children from mainly black areas to mainly white areas (or the opposite) to go to school.
affirmative action def
positive dismcrimination to give african americans more equal opportunities paticularly in education and employment
effect of bussing
school integration in the south dropped to 40%
when did the separate culture for young people/teenagers emerge
1950’s-60’s
reasons for growth of protest movements
impact of civil rights protests disappointment and disillusionment emergence of the teenager media the increasing role of government music and the arts economic prosperity other protest movements around the world factors that allowed women to take on more work
who were the SD’s
students for a democratic society
when/where was the first SD meeting
1960 at the university of michigan
what did the SD’s do
campaign for better srudent rights within universities. organised sit ins and rallies to try and give students more say in policies and practices that universities offered.
by the end of the 60s how many universities had SD’s
150 with a total of 100,000 members (membership dramatically increased withthe vietnam war)
what did the university of california in berkely do when the sytudents organised protestests against racial discrimination on campus
they banned students form protesting on uni grounds for ‘off campus political and social action’
what happned inr esponse to the uni of californias ban
they ignored it and carried on protesting. a few were suspended so 400 others demanded to be suspended to. one was arrested so theyall gathered around the police car and it was blocked for 32 hours.
what did the students create after the protests at the uni fo california
the free speech movement
at its peak how many students at berkeley supported the FSM campaign
14,000
what was the response to the suspension of the students for breaking uni rules in earlier protests
rally and sit in, supported by 6000 studnts. took police 12 hours to make 740 arrests
did the FSM work
yes uni staff voted in favour of protests on campus
views on the student movement
lost support of moderate students
shocked many with swearing
older people viewed it as troublemakers with nothing else to do
what was the one issue that united student movements
the vietnam war
draft def
a system in which people are ordered to join the army, navy etc especially during a war
vietnam war
throughout the 1950s tensions rose between communist north vietnam and anti-communist south vietnam. the usa didnt watnt south vietnam to become communist in case it encouraged other south asian coutnries to do the same, so it sent money and supplies to support it. this turned to war when the north sent soldiers into the south to help southern communists take over the country.
why did people protest the vietnam war
huge cost
rising number of death and injury to US troops
US support of the corrupt government of south vietnam
US acting as an imperial power
US tactics like mass bombings and chemical weapons
draft system.
role of media in the vietnam war
it allowed maerica to see the horrors of war, burning villages and terrified children and the mass bombings/
anti-war campaigns
mass rallies
sit ins or teach ins
burning draft cards
in the first six months of 1968 how many anti-war demonstrations were there
100
how many went to the march on washington anti war protest
over 500,000
vietnamization
nixon’s policy from mid 1969, to help south vietnams government to take more responsibility for the war and use more vietnamese troops rather than americans
impact of anti-war vietnam movement
pressure on government
protestors seen as problematic
commune
a group of people who live together and share the work and their possessions
impact of hippy movement
americans shocked
‘corrupting and harming america’
little impact on gov policies
made ideas of equality and peace more acceptable
how did first lady eleanor roosevelt help in the womens movement
held her own press conferences, allowed only women to attend (newspapers and radio stations had to employ more female journalists. did broadcasts, wrote many articles voicing her opinion on lots of topics including womens rights
what did eleanor roosevelt ask for if she supported kennedy to win the nomination for the democrats candidate for president
president’s comission on the status of women in december 1961
factors for change in womens roles
more value on gadgets meant more than one wage earner was wanted.
more gadgets meant women had more time for work than the traditonal housewife role.
contraceptive pill
betty friedan
wrote the femine mystique (bestseller), and pushed for equal political, economic and social rights.
feminist def
someone who believes that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities
what was set up in 1956 by Betty friedan
national organization for women
how many members did NOW have by 1970
40,000. most supporters were middle/upper class, white, well educated
what methods did NOW use
lobbying politicians and taking legal action
between 1966 and 1971 how much money did NOW get back in disputes of unequal pay
$30 million
lobby def
attempt to persuade a government to change a law, make a new law etc.
abortion def
a medical operation to end a pregnancy so that the baby is not born alive
what did NOW accomplish
helped to increase awareness of gender inequality and inspired many women to challenge the system.
patriarchal def
where men hold the power and authority
views of the womens liberation movement
far more radical aims than NOW
what happened at the 1968 miss america beauty contest
radical feminists held boards, gave out leaflets, threw products that they felt showed that society only valued women fror their looks.
impact of the discussion groups set up by Womens lib
helped women explore their experiences of childbrith, work, education, relationships and raising children. by 1974 they were helping women to deal with issues like rape and domestic violence
were NOW and womens lib in favour of abortion
yes (it was illegal in 1960), but in 1970 NYC made it legal until the 24th week of pregnancy
when was abortion legalised
22 january 1973, the supreme court ruled that abortion laws broke a womans constitutional right to privacy and freedom of personal choice in family matters.
opposition to womens mvement
verbal abuse to protstors
media coverage often negative
womens movement rarely found support from other protest movements
many beleived strongly in traditional gender roles
who was phyllis schlafy
a married mother of six, politcally ative since the 1950’s, even stadnign for congress in 1952. she was a fierce opponent of abortion, and very anti-feminist.
when was the equal rights amendment (ERA) passed
1972, so that women would be treated totally equal and identical to men under US consitution
did schafly stop the ERA
it delayed ratification until time limit was reached in 1982. it still has not become US law.
impact of womens movement
womens lib 'damaged' repuation by taking focus away from discrimination at work and equal pay. legalisation of abortion 1972 educational amendment act 1974 equal credit opportunity act women took on a wider range of jobs
pentagon def
the headquarters of the usa’s defense department
when was nixon elected to the house of representatives
1947
give some stages of nixons political career
largely responsible foer sending hiss to trial
elected to senate in 1950
served as rebublican vice president under eisenhower
President 1969-1974
characteristics of nixon
paranoid
intelligent
hard-working
who leaked confidental information in june 1971
daniel ellsberg who worked at the pentago leaked information to the new york times.
what did nixon do in response to the information leak
set up a group called the white house plumbers, whos job was to prevent more leaks of sensitive information.
what did the white house plumbers do to ellsberg
broke into his office to try and find information from his psychiatrist to discredit him. but they didnt find anything
in 1972, nixon decided to stand for re-election. he set up what?
the committee to re-elect the president to raise funds for the campaign
who was director of CREEP
john mitchell, former attorney general
did CREEP have a budget
yes, a secret one given by nixon, to pay for the white house plumbers to spy on and damage nixon’s potential opponents
give a reason that led to edmund muskie losing the democratic primaries
the plumbers published a newspaper that contained damaging and probabl unture stories about his wife that made him breka down in tears.
what were five men arrested for in june 1972
they broke into offices of the national democratic committee in the watergate complex in Washington dc. they had been trying to repair bugging devices that had been instaled during a previous break in
primaries def
the elections that decide which person will stand as a party’s candidate for the presidency
white house def
the residence of the president of the usa. most white house staff area employed directly by the president rather than being voted for
which members of the press were particularly interested in the break in
bob woodward and carl bernstein investigated and found connections to CREEP, but mitchell denied any link.
woodward and bernstein kept investigating and found links to…
the white house whichdenied the reports.
role of woodward and bernstein
they kept watergatein the public eye
the FBI investigated wtergate, what did they find
they quickly found links to CREEP and discovered that two white house plumbers had played a role in the investigation. over 2 years they revealed the extent of the campaign to spy on and sabotage democrats.
what campaign what been financed by CREEP
sabotaging the democrats in favour of nixon
who donated to nixon’s re-election campaign that was really for break ins
companies and individuals
did people believe the watergate scandal at first
no, nixon was seen as an effective president even with the vietnam war going badly.
what were the five burglar and hunt and liddy tried with
conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping.
what did the five burglar and hunt and liddy plead
5 pleaded guilty anf the other two were found guilty.
what did the judge of watergate recieve
all seven were due to be sentenced when the judge received a letter from james mccord, one of the burglars and director of security for CREEP that said that white house officials had told the burglars to lie during the trial
who did nixon sack
dean and bob haldeman (white house chief of staff)
what was set up on the 7th feb run by sam ervin
the select committee on presidential campaign activities
who delivered the huge shock that nixon was involved in the cover up
john dean
was nixon questioned
no he refused tobe
the watergate recordings
a witness said that all conversations and phone calls in nixons office had been recorded since 1971.
battle began for access to these recordings. nixon released an edited version, then unedited except for some swearing. the public was shocked by the extent of the sharing and what was discussed
the supreme court ordered nixon to supply all the recordings. when they were played what was shown
that nixon had blocked the inital investigation of the watergate break-in, abused his power and failed to obey the laws requiring him to allow access to evidence.
what was the smoking gun found by the recordings
that nixon had tried to stop the FBI investigating the break in at the watergate complex. before nixon could be impeached, he resigned.
who was sworn in as president a few hours after nixon’s resignation
vice president gerald ford
what is ford remembered for
pardoning nixon for any crimes committed so that he would not face a criminal trial. this was very controversial and many americans wanted to see nixon brought to justice and have their questions answered.
pardon def
officially allow someone who has been found guilty of a crime to go free without being punished
impact of watergate on nixon
end of political carer
ridiculed for ‘expletive deleted’
he didnt think he had done anything that bad
positives of nixons presidency
setting up the EPA
enforced desegregation on schools
improved relations with china and the soviet union
what did nixon become in later years
well-regarded author
impact of watergate on us politics
republican party suffered
jimmy carter put forward as he was not seen as part of the washington set
fewer voters
more difficult to recruit officals to work in politics or the government
(and the media attention it got by bernstein and woodward was praised, journalists tried harder to uncover scandals in future)
new laws passed as a result of watergate (5)
1973 house and senate open meeting rules 1973 war powers act 1974 election campaign act 1974 privacy act 1974 congressional budget control act
what is the date given for the red scare
1946-54
what is the date given to mccarthyism
1950-54
when was brown vs board
1954
when was the death of emmett till
1955
when was the montgomery bus boycott
1955-56
when was little rock
1957
when were the sit ins
1960
when were the freedom rides
1961
when was the meredith case
1961-62
when was the birmingham peace march
1963
hen was the meredith case
1961-62
when was the washington peace march
1963
when was the mississpi freedonm summer
1964
when were the selma to montgomery marches
1965
when were the urban race riots
1964-68
when was the watergate scandal
1974
who became president after Nixon
gerald ford
when was the first race riot and where
july 1964 in new york, 2 weeks after the signing of the civil rights act
when was the civil rights act
1964
when was the voting rights act
1965
how many died from the race riots
200
how many major race riots were there
329 in 4 years
who were the journalists who investigated the break in
bob woodward and carl bernstein
