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edexcel igcse history > a divided union: civil rights in the usa, 1945-74 > Flashcards

a divided union: civil rights in the usa, 1945-74 Flashcards

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1
Q

when was the consitution of the usa produced

A

1791

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2
Q

consitution definition

A

a set of basic laws and principles that a country or organization is governed by

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3
Q

congress definition

A

the group of people chosen or elected to make laws in the USA

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4
Q

federation definition

A

a group of people, states etc

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5
Q

where is rhe US federal gov based

A

washington dc

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6
Q

what is the legislative constitution

A

it makes laws

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7
Q

what does the legislative consist of

A

congress
senate
house of representatives

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8
Q

what is the executive constitution

A

carries out laws

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9
Q

what does the executive constitution consist of

A

president
vice president
cabinet
departments

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10
Q

what is the judicial consitutuion

A

evaluates laws

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11
Q

what does the judicial constitution consist of

A

supreme court

other federal courts

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12
Q

impeach definition

A

prosecute a person in government for misconduct while in office

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13
Q

amendments (political) definition

A

changes to a bill or constitution

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14
Q

ratified definition

A

given formal approval

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15
Q

how many amendments have there been to the US constitution

A

27

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16
Q

capitalist definition

A

someone who supports capitalism, an economic and political system in which businesses belong mostly to private owners

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17
Q

communist definition

A

someone who supports communism, a political system in which the government controls the production of food and goods and there is no privately owned property

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18
Q

when was the first red scare in the usa

A

1919-20

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19
Q

what was feared in the first red scare in the usa

A

that immigrants from eastern europe would try to take over their government and make the usa communist too.

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20
Q

what happened in the first red scare in the usa

A

thousands of suspected communists were arrested and some russian immigrants were sent back to russia.

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21
Q

did fear of communism reduce after 1920

A

yes but not completely.

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22
Q

what was the soviets ‘buffer zone’

A

soviet troops remaining in the liberated countries (after WW2) and set up communist governments, to try and prevent another invasion from the west.

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23
Q

what did the west take from the soviets ‘buffer zone’

A

it looked like the soviet union was trying to take over europe

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24
Q

when did the usa successfully test an atomic bomb

A

july 1945

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25
Q

what was the cause in the sudden development of atomic bomb research by stalin in russia

A

the two atomic bombs dropped on japan by the usa

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26
Q

when did greek communists try to take over their government

A

1946

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27
Q

what did the us government do in response to the attempted greek communist takeover of their government

A

sent money to the greek government to remove the communists. the soviet union voiced encouragement to the communists.

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28
Q

in 1947 and 1948 which eastern european countries became communist

A

ones under soviet influence

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29
Q

what was the truman doctrine

A

a doctrine promising to help to support any country resisting takeover by other groups or countries (by which they meant communists).

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30
Q

what was the marshall plan

A

financial help in the belief that communist ideas were more likely to hold in areas of poverty.

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31
Q

what was stalins response to the marshall plan

A

he saw the usa trying to extend its influence and didnt allow any eastern european countries to accept the aid offered.

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32
Q

what was germany split up into in 1945 following WW2

A

four zones controlled by the usa, the uk, the soviet union and france.

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33
Q

what did the usa do in 1946 that caused the fear of a recovered germany in the soviet union

A

the usa combined their and the soviet unions zones without consultation that would later become west germany.

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34
Q

what did stalin block to where in june 1948 in an attempt to make the whole of berlin dependent on the soviet union

A

all road, rail and canal supply lines into west berlin

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35
Q

what did president truman do in 1948 as a response to transport blockages by stalin

A

send in supplies by aircraft into the city

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36
Q

what did stalin do in may 1949 to prevent starting a war by firing at the american aircrafts

A

reopen supply lines

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37
Q

what happened after chinese communists won the civil war and took control of china in 1949, part of the cold war

A

there were other communist uprisings, and in 1950, communist north korea invaded capitalist south korea. the us gov persuaded the un to send military help to south korea. north korea was supported by the soviet union. the un forces managed to push back north korea but when china joined the un were pushed back to the original border. neither made futhur gains despite another 2 years of conflict.

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38
Q

when did the soviet union successfully test their atomic bomb

A

august 1949

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39
Q

federal bureau of investigation definition

A

the usa’s domestic intelligence and security service

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40
Q

what are hearings

A

where evidence is presented and people testify to a court or government body; not the same as a criminal trial

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41
Q

intelligence (political) definition

A

information about the secret activities of foreign governments, the military governments, the military plans of an enemy etc.

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42
Q

who was edgar j. hoover

A

director of the fbi

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43
Q

what was hoover concerned about that led him to writing to president truman

A

he was concerned about communist spies working within federal government departments

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44
Q

what order did president truman give in march 1947

A

it allowed government employees to be removed from their posts if there were ‘reasonable grounds’ to believe they were disloyal to the united states

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45
Q

between 1947 and 1951 how many government workers were investigated?

A

3 million

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46
Q

between 1947 and 1951 how many government workers were fired or forced to resign

A

3000

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47
Q

was any evidence of spying found from the 3 million government workers investigated between 1947 and 1951

A

no

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48
Q

what does HUAC stand for

A

house of unamerican activities committee

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49
Q

why was HUAC set up

A

to monitor extremist groups suspected of unamerican activites

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50
Q

who set up HUAC

A

the us government

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51
Q

who was selected to be on HUAC

A

members of congress

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52
Q

when did HUAC start public hearings and what were they about

A

in the climate of 1947 on the threat presented by the communist party of america

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53
Q

hoover was the most important witness and saw HUAC’s potential in educating the public and exposing the traitors. what did the fbi do next?

A

the fbi started passing along in information to HUAC which then called suspected communists and witnesses to be questioned.

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54
Q

how many writers, producers and directors were called in by HUAC for questioning

A

41

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55
Q

when were the 41 writers, producers and directors called in for questioning by HUAC

A

from october 1947

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56
Q

how many did HUAC name communist out of the 41 questioned

A

19

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57
Q

what happened when the 19 of 41 people were ordered to appear before HUAC

A

ten refused to answer and pleaded the first amendment

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58
Q

what happened when 10 out of 19 out of 41 people pleaded guilty

A

all were jailed for a year for contempt and were blacklisted. most never worked in hollywood again.

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59
Q

what was the impact of the hollywood ten

A

it increased anti-communist hysteria and gave huge publicity to HUAC’s work. hollywoood increased production of anti-communist films

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60
Q

who was alger hiss

A

a member of the state department who had been an important adviser to president roosevelt in the 1930’s and in WW2.

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61
Q

when was hiss named as a member of a communist group

A

1948

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62
Q

did hiss deny being a communist to the HUAC questioning

A

yes

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63
Q

what did richard nixon say about hiss and his hearing

A

nixon (a member of HUAC) said that hiss had been leaking information to the soviet union.

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64
Q

when did hiss go to trial

A

1949

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65
Q

when was hiss sentenced to prison

A

january 1950

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66
Q

what was hiss sentenced to

A

5 years in prison

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67
Q

what was the impact of the hiss case

A

it ‘proved’ that hoover was right - communist spies could be found at the highest offices of the land

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68
Q

when was klaus fuchs arrested and what for

A

in february 1950 for passing on information to the soviet union on how to develop an atomic bomb

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69
Q

what was klaus fuchs sentenced to and by who

A

14 years in prison by the british court

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70
Q

did klaus fuchs name any other spies

A

yes, david greenglass

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71
Q

was david greenglass arrested

A

yes, in the usa

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72
Q

did david greenglass name any other spies

A

yes, his sister and brother in law, ethel and julius rosenberg

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73
Q

did the rosenbergs plead guilty

A

no, they denied all charges

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74
Q

when was the rosenberg trial

A

march 1951

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75
Q

were the rosenbergs found guilty

A

yes (despite weak evidence which historians belive)

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76
Q

what were the rosenbergs sentenced to and when did the sentence take place

A

death. they were executed on 19th june 1953.

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77
Q

what was the mcCarren internal security act

A

an act that made all communist organizations register with the government

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78
Q

when was the mcCarren internal security act

A

august 1950

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79
Q

when was the mcCarren act was strengthened

A

1952

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80
Q

the mcCarren act was strengthened, what changed

A

communists were not allowed us passports
communists were not allowed to work certain jobs
in an emergency, anyone suspected of ‘subversion’ could be put in a detention camp without facing trial

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81
Q

mcCarthyism definition

A

a term used to describe the anti-communist hysteria of the 1950’s

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82
Q

propaganda definition

A

information, which is often false or exaggerated, to make people think or belive certain things

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83
Q

first amendment definition

A

the right of everyone to their own views and free speech

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84
Q

blacklisted definition

A

marked as unacceptable and therefore not used

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85
Q

republicans definition

A

one of the two main political parties in the usa. generally more right wing than the democrats.

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86
Q

democrats definition

A

one of the two main political parties in the usa. generally more left wing than the republicans

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87
Q

when did joseph mccarthy become republican senator for wisconsin?

A

1946

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88
Q

what state was joseph mccarthy a ______ in

A

he was a republican senator for wisconsin

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89
Q

how many members did mccarthy claim to know were members of the communist party in the us state government after the hiss trial

A

205

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90
Q

after mccarthy gave more speeches the number of members of the communist party in the us state government after the hiss trial was reduced to?

A

57

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91
Q

who consisted the tydings comittee

A

members of congress

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92
Q

the tydings committee investigated mccarthys claims about 57 members of the communist party in the us state government after the hiss trial and found them to be untrue. what was mccarthys response

A

to call senator tydings ‘un-american’ and a communist sympathiser. tydings was not re-elected later that year.

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93
Q

why did mccarthy manage to keep support of the republicans

A

his accusatations helped to explaon why the korean war, the cold war was not going well for the usa

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94
Q

who won the 1952

A

republicans. most democrats who opposed mccarthy lost their seats

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95
Q

what did eisenhower make mccarthy

A

chairman of the government committee on operations of the senate

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96
Q

how did mccarthy hold hearings

A

firstly, in private, then public and used bullying and aggressive questioning to gain more publicity (especially attacking high-profile figures)

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97
Q

how influential was mccarthy

A

very, thousands attended his speeches, and millions watched his tv appearances. even though nobody accused by mccarthy was ever convicted of spying he continued to win popular appeal

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98
Q

who did mccarthy attack that president eisenhower did nothing about

A

popular war general george marshall

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99
Q

what began mccarthy’s downfall

A

the army-mccarthy hearings in spring 1954. they were televised and the bullying was finally broadcast to the public

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100
Q

how did the army fight back to the army-mccarthy hearings

A

they found evidence of mccarthy abusing his priviliges as a member of congress and sent this to critical reporters.

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101
Q

what did ed murrow do that contributed to mccarhy’s downfall

A

on the 9th march he broadcasted an entire episode of his show “see it now” that used video footage to criticise mccarthy.

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102
Q

when did the senate formally condemn mccarthy and what for

A

December 1954 for improper conduct

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103
Q

how and when did mccarthy die

A

of alcoholism in 1957

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104
Q

radical def

A

radical ideas are very new and different, adn are against what most people think and believe

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105
Q

socalist def

A

relating to socialism, an economic or political system in which large industries are owned by the government and taxes are used to redistribute wealth

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106
Q

left-wing

A

liberal, progressive views that believe in equality and government intervention to help enforce this.

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107
Q

direct impact of mccarthyism

A

thousands of valuable people (in state government and not) lost jobs and careers

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108
Q

indirect impact of mccarthyism

A

widespread hysteria
trade unions seen as communist
americans gave info to the fbi on suspected communists
people stopped talking about politics in fear
politicians rarely campaigned for left-wing issues
damaged usas reputation

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109
Q

which area had worse (legal) segregation and discrimination, the north or thr south

A

south

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110
Q

how did the north remain mainly segregated without laws

A

racism and discrimination blocked african americans from gaining higher jobs, and often they were paid half of what a white person would own, so african americans had to live in the poorest areas, where there were few white people

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111
Q

in the 1950’s in the south what did black people face to be able to vote

A

there were many intentional obstacles:
difficult literacy test
poll tax
violence or threats against african americans when they tried to vote.

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112
Q

what were lynchings

A

killings (usually hangings) done by a group where the victim is suspected of a crime but has not been tried.

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113
Q

why did the government not change the rules to allow less racism and obstacles to vote

A

they needed the support of southern politicians, who were either racist themselves or did not want to annoy racist voters in their states

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114
Q

the supreme court does not rely on the support of the president or congress. why didn’t they change the laws

A

in the Plessy vs Ferguson case, they ruled separate facilities were allowed if they were equal.

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115
Q

when was the plessy vs ferguson legal precedent set

A

1896

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116
Q

who were the NAACP

A

a civil right campaign group:

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117
Q

what happened initally witht he brown vs topeka case

A

it was rejected with the plessy vs ferguson legal precedent

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118
Q

why did linda brown’s parents go to court

A

she had been rejected by the summer elementary school which was for white pupils only

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119
Q

what did the NAACP persuade linda’s parents to do

A

take their case to the supreme court, where it was combined with four other similar cases

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120
Q

which new judge ruled that school segregation was unconstitutional

A

earl warren

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121
Q

which NAACP lawyer led the brown vs topeka case

A

thurgood marshall

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122
Q

what happened a year after the brown decision

A

a second supreme court ruling said that school desegregation should happen ‘with all deliberate speed’.

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123
Q

deep south def

A

five states in the southeast usa where segregation covered all aspects of life. (georgia, alabama, south carolina, missisippi, and louisiana) arkanasas often included.

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124
Q

integrate def

A

become part of a group or society, or help someone to do this

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125
Q

white supremecist def

A

someone who believes that white people are better that people of other races

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126
Q

ku klux klan def

A

an extremely racist organisation, started in 1865, that believes in the superiority of the white, protestant christians.

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127
Q

negatives of the brown vs topeka ruling

A

families faced anger
black pupils found their education suffered
black schools providing a good education closed
some african american teachers lost their jobs
in some areas segregation became more extreme due to white flight

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128
Q

why, where, and when was the first white citizens council set up

A

in 1954 in indianola, mississpi, to maintain segregation

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129
Q

what did white citizen councils do

A

put pressure on state authorities, organise protests and petitions, and many were inspired to join the worst white supremacist group, the ku klux klan

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130
Q

branches of the KKK began reappearing all over the south, what did they do

A

they once again had meetings encouraging racial hatered and put burning crosses infront of houses to frighten the people inside. members wore their traditional long white robes and hoods as a disguise. they used methods such as beating, lynching and shooting victims.

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131
Q

who were targets of the KKK

A

civil right protestors and supporters, black or white.

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132
Q

what did the KKK start to use after the Montgomery Bus Boycott

A

bombs

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133
Q

who was emmett till

A

a 14 year old northerner from chicago who travelled to mississippi in the summer of 1955 to visit relatives.

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134
Q

what were the supposed events of emmett till and his friends

A

on the 24th august, till boasted to his friends that he had a white girlfirend at home. they dared him to go into bryants grocery and meat market and talk to the white owner’s wife carolyn. carolyn claimed that he flirted and touched her.

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135
Q

what happened to emmett till

A

four days later (28th august), carolyns husband and his half brother, roy and j.w milam beat him, shot him in the head and threw his body into the river.

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136
Q

what did tills mother do

A

mamie bradlry insisted that his body was sent back to her in chicago. she left the coffin open so that people could see what had been done to her child. this got high media attention and it shocked many people

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137
Q

were the murders of till sent to jail

A

no the all white male jury found them not guilty in just over an hour.

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138
Q

impact of tills death

A

many white americans saw the extreme racism in the south. raised awareness.
motivated many african americans to take a more active role to bring about change. many african americans of the same age identified with till and wen ton huge civil rights protests.

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139
Q

where and when did rosa parks refuse to move

A

1st december 1955 in montgomery alabama

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140
Q

who had been campaigned for a bus boycott prior to rosa parks

A

the womens political council. they wanted to improve the service paticularly for african american women. they had already warned the mayor of a boycott if things did not change.

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141
Q

why was rosa parks chosen to lead the boycott

A

she was highly respecteed and worked as a secretary at the NAACP.
right time

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142
Q

when did the WPC call for all african americans to boycott the buses

A

5th decemebr (the day of parks’ trial)

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143
Q

who helped publicize the boycott

A

churches and college groups.

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144
Q

was the bus boycott a success

A

yes, around 70% of passengers were african american so the buses were primarily empty.

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145
Q

who led the MIA (montgomery improvement association)

A

martin luther king

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146
Q

what were the MIA’s demands for the boycott

A

drivers should treat all african americans with respect
black drives should be used for routes with mostly black passengers
african americans should not have to leave their seats to go sit at the back.

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147
Q

what happened on the 8th december 1955

A

the MIA met with the bus company, who refused all of their demands. this led to the MIA demands hardening, the boycott continuing for 381 days, causing serious financial harm to the business.

148
Q

how did they maintain the bioycott

A

carpooling, black taxi companies.

149
Q

role of the churches in boycott

A

they created support for the boycott and encouraged people to keep going, they provided meeting places for planning and discussion and raised money for cars. they also bought people shoes.

150
Q

problems african american faced from whtite citizens in montgomery

A

verbally and physically harassed
drivers of shared cars frequently arrested for minor offences
laws that prevented crowd gatherings were used to arrest groups waiting for shared cars.

151
Q

role of NAACP in the bus boycott

A

they took Browder vs Gayle to court, saying bus segregation went again the fourteenth amendment (equal protection fo the law to all american citizens). this raised awareness gained attention and led the MIA to change their approach and demand total desegregation for the buses as well.

152
Q

what happened on the 22nd februrary 1956

A

around 90 leading members of the MIA, including King were jailed until the 19th march

153
Q

when did the judges int he browder vs gayle case rule for desegragatio on buses

A

5th june

154
Q

when did the bus company and white citizen councils appeal to the supreme court

A

13th nov and then the 17th nov

155
Q

when did african americans return to the buses

A

20th december 1956

156
Q

significance of the bus boycott

A

provided a form of protest that worked, direct non-violent action, and publicized the movement and martin luther king

157
Q

did the boycott cause a complete change

A

no only in one small area and other facilities remained segregated for years

158
Q

protestors def

A

someone who takes part in a public activity such as a demonstration to show their opposition to something

159
Q

boycott def

A

refuse to buy or use partifular goods or services as a way of protesting

160
Q

dixiecrats def

A

a separate, pro-segregation political party formed by the southern democrats in 1948

161
Q

filibuster def

A

a tactic used in congress to stop a vote on a bill, the most common is to talk until the time limit for the debate is reached

162
Q

when did truman try to pass a civil rights bill that got blocked by republicans and dixiecrats

A

1948

163
Q

a civil rights bill was introduced in 1956 but what happened

A

strom thurmond filibustered for 24 hours. they tried again in 1957 with a weakened version and got it through.

164
Q

on the 9th september 1957 eisenhower signed the civil rights act, waht did it contain (2)

A

setting up the US commission on civil rights, which began investgating how african americans were blocked from voting.
allowing federal courts to prosecute states who tried to prevent people from voting.

165
Q

did the 1957 civil rigths act have an impact

A

no, but it was the first itm ein 82 years that the federal gov had attempted to improve lives of african americans

166
Q

civil rights act 1960

A

introduced federal inspections of the voting process.

167
Q

why did little rock start taking applications from black students

A

the federal government ruled that it must start integration

168
Q

how many black students were set to come to little rock

A

25

169
Q

how many black students started at little rock in september 1957

A

nine

170
Q

how was the arkansas govenor

A

orval faubus

171
Q

faubus announced what on national tv

A

he had ordered state troops to stop the students entering school for their own protection

172
Q

when did the federal police take over and accompany the students into school

A

23rd septemebr

173
Q

how did eisenhower help in little rock

A

on the 23rd september, he signed a presidental order that sent 1200 federal rtroops to little rock and put them in charge of local state troops who would protect the black students.

174
Q

when could the little rock nine finally go to classes

A

25th september

175
Q

for how long were the little rock nine protected by the army for

A

a year

176
Q

impact of little rock

A

it showed the federal gov could overrule state goc if events reached extreme. raised publicity.

177
Q

sit ins def

A

a type of protest in which people refuse to leave a place until their demands are agreed to

178
Q

when/waht/where were the first sit ins

A

on the 1st februraru 1960 four african american students sat at the whites only lunch counter in woolworths department store in greensboro and waited to be served.

179
Q

did people join the woolworth sit in

A

yes, by the 4th feb there were more than 300.

180
Q

how many people took part in the sit ins overall

A

70,000

181
Q

reposne to sit ins

A

abuse from white segregationists, phyically attacked, thousands arrested - ‘jail not bail’ high media attention and more people began to support them.

182
Q

CORE means

A

congress of racial equality

183
Q

SCLC means

A

southern christian leadership comittee

184
Q

MIA means

A

montgomery improvement association

185
Q

SNCC means

A

student nonviolent co-ordinating committee

186
Q

ACHMR means

A

alabama christian movement for human rights

187
Q

what did SCLC do with the sitins

A

they helped to train students to become more important protestors

188
Q

who was ellie baker and what did she do

A

she had wrked at the NAACP and the SCLC, and arranged for King to speak at greensboro to maintain confidence

189
Q

the students were going to join the SCLC but instead they set yp the

A

SNCC

190
Q

did eisenhower support the sit ins

A

he said he was deeply sympathetic

191
Q

impact of the sit ins

A

hugepublivity
inspired many students and this led to more of their involvement in the protests of the 60s
slight change of direction, as they were more confrontational than previous protests.
huge numbers
they desegregated some facilities
white protestors
tactic could be applied across a lot of facilities

192
Q

what did the supreme court confim in 1946

A

desegregation of state transport

193
Q

who planned the freedom rides

A

CORE

194
Q

aim of the freedom rides

A

to provoke a violent reaction that would generate huge publicity and force the federal government to act

195
Q

what happened with the fredom rides at anniston

A

they were met by an angry crowd led by local KKK leader william chappell and the crowd attacked the bus, and a firebomb was thrown inside. the crowd left in case of an explosion when it hit the engine so those inside could escape.

196
Q

did freedom rides continue after anniston

A

yes and the SNCC helped

197
Q

how many freedom riders were arrested

A

over 300 in the south

198
Q

did the freedom rides achieve theri aim

A

yes, very embarrasing for the usa

199
Q

who was james meredith

A

he applied to university and it was rejected, so he took his case to the NAACP which took it to court.

200
Q

what happened with merediths case

A

the supreme court ordered the uni to take him, they didnt, so kennedy sent hundreds of federal officials.

201
Q

impact of the rioting to stop meredith

A

2 civilians died and 300 were injured.

202
Q

who was martin luther king

A

his father was a minister, he studied at boston university, he became well known through the montogmery bus boycott

203
Q

why was king well respected

A

he was well-educated well-spoken and a passionate speaker
continually emphasised non-violence
worked with people of all races
baptist minister

204
Q

who was king heavily influenced by

A

gandhi

205
Q

kings biggest contribution

A

his speeches

206
Q

when was king assasinated

A

4th april 1968

207
Q

why was birmingham chosen for the marches

A

it had not desegregated any facilities at all and had a large KKK group

208
Q

who organised the birmingham peace marches

A

SNCC,SCLC and ACMHR

209
Q

march def

A

when a large group of people walk together to express their ideas about something

210
Q

demonstration def

A

an event at which a large group of people meet to protest or to support something in public

211
Q

when was the first birmingham march

A

3rd april 1963

212
Q

how many children were arrested at birmingham

A

over 1000

213
Q

what happened to the protestors at birmingham

A

chief connor ordered dogs to be set on them, used powerful hoses on them. this got a lot of media attenion and sympathy

214
Q

impact of birmingham

A

a few desegregated facilities, extreme violence led to some serious black riots.

215
Q

aim of march on washington

A

show support for new civil rights bill being debated

216
Q

how did kennedy try to keep order during the march on washington

A

brought in 1000 extra poolice and 2000 members of the national guard. they werent needed

217
Q

was the march on washington peaceful

A

yes they sung prayers, musical perfomaces, and speeches. events broadcast to the world

218
Q

american dream def

A

the idea that anyone in the usa can become wealthy and successfyl through hard work because everyone has the same opportunities and freedom

219
Q

who delivered speeches at washington

A

NAACP, SNCC, SCLC and king’s dream speech

220
Q

importance of march on washington

A

huge number of supporters showed that civil rights was wanted by many
event brought huge publicity
put further pressure on politicians

221
Q

a presidental election was due in november 1964, so what did the NAACP, CORE and SNCC do

A

‘freedom summer’ campaign which focused on missippi and getting more african americans to vote

222
Q

what did the freedom summer involve

A

setting up a new political party (the mississpi freedom democratic party)

223
Q

what did the MFDP do

A

ran classes to help african americans pass the voter registration tests and opened schools that taught black history and politics

224
Q

why were a lot of the 1000 volunteers for the freedom summer project white and young

A

if violence occured it would generate big headlines

225
Q

who were killed in the freedom summer

A

michael scherner, andrew goodman and james chaney

226
Q

was the freedom summer a success

A

only 1600 more african americans successfully managed to vote although 17,000 tried to

227
Q

capitol def

A

a building where legislature/parliment meets

228
Q

on sunday 7 march (bloody sunday) what happended

A

the march in selma was stopped by police and they attacked the protestors with tear gas, horses, clubs and electric cattle sticks

229
Q

in august what happened as a result of selma

A

congress passed the coting rights act

230
Q

civil rights act 1964 (4)

A

segregation and discrimination in public places, education and businesses banned
voter registration tests had to be fair and the same
discrimination in employment banned.
equal opportunities commission established to investigate
the fed gov could remove funding from state projects that discriminated

231
Q

voting rights act 1965 (3)

A

set up one fair national voting registration test for everyone
banned states from setting their own voting qualifications unless they were approved by fed gov
appointed fed examiners to supervise voter registration in states

232
Q

protests of civil rights movement essential, alongside

A

attitudes of presidents
more people in congress who wanted to do the right thing
emergence of more radical activists

233
Q

who followed kennedy

A

johnson

234
Q

black nationalsim def

A

the desire by certian african americans to form an independent country

235
Q

when was the nation of islam set up

A

1930

236
Q

who was maclom x

A

upon leaving prison in 1952 he became a minister for the nation of islam before becoming its representative. he travelled over the usa trying to convert people

237
Q

why did malcom x gain supporters if most saw him as extreme and dangerous

A

he seemed to understand the social and financial problems faced by many african americans tahat the civil rights movement had failed to address

238
Q

what led malcom x to change his views

A

he went on the hajj and saw all the muslims treating others equally.

239
Q

when did malcom x leave the nation of islam

A

1964

240
Q

on retunring to the usa waht did malcom x set up

A

the organization of afro-american unity as a civilr ights group that would also promote close links with those in africa.

241
Q

when was malcom x assasinated

A

1965 by three memebrs of the nation of islam

242
Q

who was stokely carmichael

A

well known campaigner for the SNCC

243
Q

ghetto def

A

a part of a city where people of a paticular race or class live separately

244
Q

growth of black power

A

many african americans angry at the slow progress made
expressed the anger they felt about lack of employment opportunities and conditions in city ghettos
change in SNCC and rise of black power groups
encourgaed african americans to be proud of their heritage and defend themselves

245
Q

what happened at the 1968 olympics

A

tommie smith and john carlos won the gold and bronze 200m sprint. during the national anthem, they did the black power fist and wore black socks to symbolise the poverty of african americans. they were banned from future olympics and recieved abuse. inspired many young black americans

246
Q

when was the black panthers set up

A

1966 in oakland california

247
Q

what was the ten point plan

A

the black panthers aims

248
Q

successes of the black panthers (5)

A 
orgnised free black medical clinics
ran breakfast clubs for black children
provided free shoes for black families
ran classes on black history
encouraged cooperation between different african american gangs
249
Q

what happend in the race riots in 1964-1968 ish

A

showed discontent
329 major riots in 257 american cities
over 200 killed.
billions of dollars of property and goods damaged

250
Q

causes of the race riots

A

poor living condidiotns in ghettos
failure of the polivce and city authorities to reported problems
unfair treatment by police.

251
Q

impact of the race riots

A

lost sympathy of white supporters
whit people more afraid of african americans (extaggeration by media)
money given by federal gov to improve condiditons in ghettos, but this was often spent on weapons and training for police rather than the problems.
widened focus of civil rights movment

252
Q

what did the campaigns by th SCLC and king focus on

A

improving housing
emplopyment
education

253
Q

what did the poor people’s campaign (set up by the sCLC )do (3)

A

extension of welfare to help the unemployed
fair minimum wage
education for poor adults

254
Q

bussing def

A

where buses were used to transport children from mainly black areas to mainly white areas (or the opposite) to go to school.

255
Q

affirmative action def

A

positive dismcrimination to give african americans more equal opportunities paticularly in education and employment

256
Q

effect of bussing

A

school integration in the south dropped to 40%

257
Q

when did the separate culture for young people/teenagers emerge

A

1950’s-60’s

258
Q

reasons for growth of protest movements

A 
impact of civil rights protests
disappointment and disillusionment
emergence of the teenager
media
the increasing role of government 
music and the arts
economic prosperity
other protest movements around the world
factors that allowed women to take on more work
259
Q

who were the SD’s

A

students for a democratic society

260
Q

when/where was the first SD meeting

A

1960 at the university of michigan

261
Q

what did the SD’s do

A

campaign for better srudent rights within universities. organised sit ins and rallies to try and give students more say in policies and practices that universities offered.

262
Q

by the end of the 60s how many universities had SD’s

A

150 with a total of 100,000 members (membership dramatically increased withthe vietnam war)

263
Q

what did the university of california in berkely do when the sytudents organised protestests against racial discrimination on campus

A

they banned students form protesting on uni grounds for ‘off campus political and social action’

264
Q

what happned inr esponse to the uni of californias ban

A

they ignored it and carried on protesting. a few were suspended so 400 others demanded to be suspended to. one was arrested so theyall gathered around the police car and it was blocked for 32 hours.

265
Q

what did the students create after the protests at the uni fo california

A

the free speech movement

266
Q

at its peak how many students at berkeley supported the FSM campaign

A

14,000

267
Q

what was the response to the suspension of the students for breaking uni rules in earlier protests

A

rally and sit in, supported by 6000 studnts. took police 12 hours to make 740 arrests

268
Q

did the FSM work

A

yes uni staff voted in favour of protests on campus

269
Q

views on the student movement

A

lost support of moderate students
shocked many with swearing
older people viewed it as troublemakers with nothing else to do

270
Q

what was the one issue that united student movements

A

the vietnam war

271
Q

draft def

A

a system in which people are ordered to join the army, navy etc especially during a war

272
Q

vietnam war

A

throughout the 1950s tensions rose between communist north vietnam and anti-communist south vietnam. the usa didnt watnt south vietnam to become communist in case it encouraged other south asian coutnries to do the same, so it sent money and supplies to support it. this turned to war when the north sent soldiers into the south to help southern communists take over the country.

273
Q

why did people protest the vietnam war

A

huge cost
rising number of death and injury to US troops
US support of the corrupt government of south vietnam
US acting as an imperial power
US tactics like mass bombings and chemical weapons
draft system.

274
Q

role of media in the vietnam war

A

it allowed maerica to see the horrors of war, burning villages and terrified children and the mass bombings/

275
Q

anti-war campaigns

A

mass rallies
sit ins or teach ins
burning draft cards

276
Q

in the first six months of 1968 how many anti-war demonstrations were there

A

100

277
Q

how many went to the march on washington anti war protest

A

over 500,000

278
Q

vietnamization

A

nixon’s policy from mid 1969, to help south vietnams government to take more responsibility for the war and use more vietnamese troops rather than americans

279
Q

impact of anti-war vietnam movement

A

pressure on government

protestors seen as problematic

280
Q

commune

A

a group of people who live together and share the work and their possessions

281
Q

impact of hippy movement

A

americans shocked
‘corrupting and harming america’
little impact on gov policies
made ideas of equality and peace more acceptable

282
Q

how did first lady eleanor roosevelt help in the womens movement

A

held her own press conferences, allowed only women to attend (newspapers and radio stations had to employ more female journalists. did broadcasts, wrote many articles voicing her opinion on lots of topics including womens rights

283
Q

what did eleanor roosevelt ask for if she supported kennedy to win the nomination for the democrats candidate for president

A

president’s comission on the status of women in december 1961

284
Q

factors for change in womens roles

A

more value on gadgets meant more than one wage earner was wanted.
more gadgets meant women had more time for work than the traditonal housewife role.
contraceptive pill

285
Q

betty friedan

A

wrote the femine mystique (bestseller), and pushed for equal political, economic and social rights.

286
Q

feminist def

A

someone who believes that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities

287
Q

what was set up in 1956 by Betty friedan

A

national organization for women

288
Q

how many members did NOW have by 1970

A

40,000. most supporters were middle/upper class, white, well educated

289
Q

what methods did NOW use

A

lobbying politicians and taking legal action

290
Q

between 1966 and 1971 how much money did NOW get back in disputes of unequal pay

A

$30 million

291
Q

lobby def

A

attempt to persuade a government to change a law, make a new law etc.

292
Q

abortion def

A

a medical operation to end a pregnancy so that the baby is not born alive

293
Q

what did NOW accomplish

A

helped to increase awareness of gender inequality and inspired many women to challenge the system.

294
Q

patriarchal def

A

where men hold the power and authority

295
Q

views of the womens liberation movement

A

far more radical aims than NOW

296
Q

what happened at the 1968 miss america beauty contest

A

radical feminists held boards, gave out leaflets, threw products that they felt showed that society only valued women fror their looks.

297
Q

impact of the discussion groups set up by Womens lib

A

helped women explore their experiences of childbrith, work, education, relationships and raising children. by 1974 they were helping women to deal with issues like rape and domestic violence

298
Q

were NOW and womens lib in favour of abortion

A

yes (it was illegal in 1960), but in 1970 NYC made it legal until the 24th week of pregnancy

299
Q

when was abortion legalised

A

22 january 1973, the supreme court ruled that abortion laws broke a womans constitutional right to privacy and freedom of personal choice in family matters.

300
Q

opposition to womens mvement

A

verbal abuse to protstors
media coverage often negative
womens movement rarely found support from other protest movements
many beleived strongly in traditional gender roles

301
Q

who was phyllis schlafy

A

a married mother of six, politcally ative since the 1950’s, even stadnign for congress in 1952. she was a fierce opponent of abortion, and very anti-feminist.

302
Q

when was the equal rights amendment (ERA) passed

A

1972, so that women would be treated totally equal and identical to men under US consitution

303
Q

did schafly stop the ERA

A

it delayed ratification until time limit was reached in 1982. it still has not become US law.

304
Q

impact of womens movement

A 
womens lib 'damaged' repuation by taking focus away from discrimination at work and equal pay.
legalisation of abortion
1972 educational amendment act
1974 equal credit opportunity act
women took on a wider range of jobs
305
Q

pentagon def

A

the headquarters of the usa’s defense department

306
Q

when was nixon elected to the house of representatives

A

1947

307
Q

give some stages of nixons political career

A

largely responsible foer sending hiss to trial
elected to senate in 1950
served as rebublican vice president under eisenhower
President 1969-1974

308
Q

characteristics of nixon

A

paranoid
intelligent
hard-working

309
Q

who leaked confidental information in june 1971

A

daniel ellsberg who worked at the pentago leaked information to the new york times.

310
Q

what did nixon do in response to the information leak

A

set up a group called the white house plumbers, whos job was to prevent more leaks of sensitive information.

311
Q

what did the white house plumbers do to ellsberg

A

broke into his office to try and find information from his psychiatrist to discredit him. but they didnt find anything

312
Q

in 1972, nixon decided to stand for re-election. he set up what?

A

the committee to re-elect the president to raise funds for the campaign

313
Q

who was director of CREEP

A

john mitchell, former attorney general

314
Q

did CREEP have a budget

A

yes, a secret one given by nixon, to pay for the white house plumbers to spy on and damage nixon’s potential opponents

315
Q

give a reason that led to edmund muskie losing the democratic primaries

A

the plumbers published a newspaper that contained damaging and probabl unture stories about his wife that made him breka down in tears.

316
Q

what were five men arrested for in june 1972

A

they broke into offices of the national democratic committee in the watergate complex in Washington dc. they had been trying to repair bugging devices that had been instaled during a previous break in

317
Q

primaries def

A

the elections that decide which person will stand as a party’s candidate for the presidency

318
Q

white house def

A

the residence of the president of the usa. most white house staff area employed directly by the president rather than being voted for

319
Q

which members of the press were particularly interested in the break in

A

bob woodward and carl bernstein investigated and found connections to CREEP, but mitchell denied any link.

320
Q

woodward and bernstein kept investigating and found links to…

A

the white house whichdenied the reports.

321
Q

role of woodward and bernstein

A

they kept watergatein the public eye

322
Q

the FBI investigated wtergate, what did they find

A

they quickly found links to CREEP and discovered that two white house plumbers had played a role in the investigation. over 2 years they revealed the extent of the campaign to spy on and sabotage democrats.

323
Q

what campaign what been financed by CREEP

A

sabotaging the democrats in favour of nixon

324
Q

who donated to nixon’s re-election campaign that was really for break ins

A

companies and individuals

325
Q

did people believe the watergate scandal at first

A

no, nixon was seen as an effective president even with the vietnam war going badly.

326
Q

what were the five burglar and hunt and liddy tried with

A

conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping.

327
Q

what did the five burglar and hunt and liddy plead

A

5 pleaded guilty anf the other two were found guilty.

328
Q

what did the judge of watergate recieve

A

all seven were due to be sentenced when the judge received a letter from james mccord, one of the burglars and director of security for CREEP that said that white house officials had told the burglars to lie during the trial

329
Q

who did nixon sack

A

dean and bob haldeman (white house chief of staff)

330
Q

what was set up on the 7th feb run by sam ervin

A

the select committee on presidential campaign activities

331
Q

who delivered the huge shock that nixon was involved in the cover up

A

john dean

332
Q

was nixon questioned

A

no he refused tobe

333
Q

the watergate recordings

A

a witness said that all conversations and phone calls in nixons office had been recorded since 1971.
battle began for access to these recordings. nixon released an edited version, then unedited except for some swearing. the public was shocked by the extent of the sharing and what was discussed

334
Q

the supreme court ordered nixon to supply all the recordings. when they were played what was shown

A

that nixon had blocked the inital investigation of the watergate break-in, abused his power and failed to obey the laws requiring him to allow access to evidence.

335
Q

what was the smoking gun found by the recordings

A

that nixon had tried to stop the FBI investigating the break in at the watergate complex. before nixon could be impeached, he resigned.

336
Q

who was sworn in as president a few hours after nixon’s resignation

A

vice president gerald ford

337
Q

what is ford remembered for

A

pardoning nixon for any crimes committed so that he would not face a criminal trial. this was very controversial and many americans wanted to see nixon brought to justice and have their questions answered.

338
Q

pardon def

A

officially allow someone who has been found guilty of a crime to go free without being punished

339
Q

impact of watergate on nixon

A

end of political carer
ridiculed for ‘expletive deleted’
he didnt think he had done anything that bad

340
Q

positives of nixons presidency

A

setting up the EPA
enforced desegregation on schools
improved relations with china and the soviet union

341
Q

what did nixon become in later years

A

well-regarded author

342
Q

impact of watergate on us politics

A

republican party suffered
jimmy carter put forward as he was not seen as part of the washington set
fewer voters
more difficult to recruit officals to work in politics or the government
(and the media attention it got by bernstein and woodward was praised, journalists tried harder to uncover scandals in future)

343
Q

new laws passed as a result of watergate (5)

A 
1973 house and senate open meeting rules
1973 war powers act
1974 election campaign act
1974 privacy act
1974 congressional budget control act
344
Q

what is the date given for the red scare

A

1946-54

345
Q

what is the date given to mccarthyism

A

1950-54

346
Q

when was brown vs board

A

1954

347
Q

when was the death of emmett till

A

1955

348
Q

when was the montgomery bus boycott

A

1955-56

349
Q

when was little rock

A

1957

350
Q

when were the sit ins

A

1960

351
Q

when were the freedom rides

A

1961

352
Q

when was the meredith case

A

1961-62

353
Q

when was the birmingham peace march

A

1963

354
Q

hen was the meredith case

A

1961-62

355
Q

when was the washington peace march

A

1963

356
Q

when was the mississpi freedonm summer

A

1964

357
Q

when were the selma to montgomery marches

A

1965

358
Q

when were the urban race riots

A

1964-68

359
Q

when was the watergate scandal

A

1974

360
Q

who became president after Nixon

A

gerald ford

361
Q

when was the first race riot and where

A

july 1964 in new york, 2 weeks after the signing of the civil rights act

362
Q

when was the civil rights act

A

1964

363
Q

when was the voting rights act

A

1965

364
Q

how many died from the race riots

A

200

365
Q

how many major race riots were there

A

329 in 4 years

366
Q

who were the journalists who investigated the break in

A

bob woodward and carl bernstein

edexcel igcse history (3 decks)

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