Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

history > changes in medicine > Flashcards

changes in medicine Flashcards

1
Q

catgut as a ligature

A

-catgut soaked in carbolic acid
-used to prevent infection in a wound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chloroform inhaler

A

-john snow
-calculated correct dosage
-1847

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what were hospitals like b4 Florence Nightingale?

A
  • early 1800s, most people were cared by family at home, a doctor would visit to prescribe medicine. Nurses were untrained and didn’t keep records on patient care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why didn’t medicine progress before 1848?

A

-medical knowledge based on spiritual/ religious beliefs
-the technology used to make discoveries took a long time to develop
-scientists weren’t clear about the anatomy and how the human body worked
-nobody took responsibility for encouraging and funding research, the government didnt see it as its business

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

opposition to listers method

A

-carbolic acid made surgical instruments slippery
-irritated surgeons hands
-doctors applied listers methods wrong
-equipment was expensive to buy and set up
-lister was arrogant and disliked by many of the surgical community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

medical theories before 1848

A

-diseases caused by supernatural forces
-four humors, by Hippocrates in Ancient Greece, caused by imbalance of four liquids (yellow bile, blood, phlegm and black bile)
-theory of opposites, treating diseases by providing conditions and food opposite to the illness
-spontaneous generation, microorganisms created decay then creating miasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

impact of blood transfusions

A

-used in surgery for blood loss
-help patients that suffer from blood disorders, leukemia and anaemia
-help patients that suffer from liver problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3 key discoveries of blood that helped in transfusions

A

-1901, Karl Landsteiner discovered A,B and O blood groups
-1902, he discovered AB blood groups
-1907, discovered that blood type O could be used for everyone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

blood being stored

A

the first world war lead to doctors/ scientists to develop new ways to store blood:
adding sodium citrate wouldn’t clot
then adding a citrate glucose solution so it could be stored for several days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when did queen Victoria use chloroform

A

during childbirth of her 8th child, Prince Leopald 7th april 1853

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why was chloroform so dangerous?

A

-lead to the black death
-surgeons performed more complex surgeries leading to infection deeper into the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ways the NHS have been successful

A
  • improved healthcare facilities
    -fall in child mortality rate
  • national vaccination scheme
    -provides free healthcare
    -raised life expectancy
    both gender 8 years
    -lowers treatment costs, promoting preventive health care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

john snows main impacts

A

-1885, presented his results of his investigation to parliament, suggested new sewers should be built, government agreed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how did the government respond to the Beveridge report?

A
  • NHS creation
  • family allowance (paid to mother)
  • clean air acts (1952 and 1956)
  • slum clearance program (1960)
  • new towns, built with more space and better public facilities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why was the NHS set up?

A

-Beveridge report (1942)
- WWI forced government to take control of public health
- advances in medicine, more ways to help the sick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how did the liberal reforms help the elderly / unemployed

A

elderly:
-1908, ‘old age’ pensions of five shillings per week for 70+ year old
unemployed:
-1909, labour exchanges, help them look for work
-1911, national insurance act provided them with unemployment payments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

-hunagrian doctor
-worked at Veinna hospital
-suggested doctors should wash their hands in chlorine of lime, since they delivered babies after dissecting dead bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why did some people refuse to use chloroform?

A

-some army soldiers believed that soldiers should endure pain
-some religious people believed that it was gods intention that women should feel pain during childbirth, suffering was gods will
- difficult to get correct dosage–> 14 year old Hannah Greener died whilst removing an ingrown toenail in 1848 due to an overdose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 anaesthetics in the 19th century

A

-nitrous oxide: laughing gas, too weak for major surgery, discovered by Humphrey Davy, first used in 1844
-Ether: Effective, caused vomiting, highly flammable, first used successfully in 1846 in an amputation by Robert Liston, known for his speed an strength, amputated a leg in 28 seconds
-Chloroform: first experimented on friends and himself in 1847, used on woman in child birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

4 key elements used in aseptic surgery

A

-surgeons scrubbed clean before operating
-surgeons wore new clothes and a fresh pair of gloves for each operation
- all instruments were steralised before hand, using steam
- the size of operating theatres got smaller, and spectators weren’t allowed
-establaished in 1900

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

joseph lister

A
  • pioneered antiseptic techniques in surgery, discovered carbolic spray (1865)
    -death rate went from 46% to 15%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

john sow

A
  • scottish doctor in the 1800s who experimented with different types of anaesthetics during childbirth
  • he discovered chloroform was effective and had limited side effects when used the correct dosage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

national insurance act

A
  • provided sick pay to ill workers and allowed free access to medical treatment
    -paid money to unemployed up to 15 weeks, prevented poverty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Florence Nightingale achievements

A
  • 1859, ‘notes on nursing’ bestseller
  • raised 44,000 pounds to set up training school at St. Thomas hospital
    -training school for midwives at King college in 1861
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why did the understanding of medicine not progress in the 19th century?

A
  • hospital relied on charity for funding, little money available for research
  • the government did not see it as its business
  • Doctors wanted to continue to work as they always had, were reluctant to try new method
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cholera outbreaks

A

-1848 to 1859: 53,292 deaths
- 1853 to 1854: 20,097 deaths
- 1865 to 1866: 14, 378 deaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Joseph Bazalgette

A

-civil engineer in the 1800s
-chief designer and engineer of Londons sewer system after the great stink.
- covered 83 miles, removing 420 million gallons of sewage per day, opened in 1865 continued to develop in the 1870s
- costed 3 million pounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how did the 1854 cholera outbreak end

A

-snow asked to handle the broad street pump being removed, so people couldn’t use it.
-the outbreak ended quickly proving the disease was from the water in the pump
-it was found later that a cesspit had been leaking into the wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Edwin Chadwick report

A
  • ill health was caused by PLC
  • if towns were cleaner there would be less disease, wouldn’t have to take time off work, fewer people needing workhouses, save ratepayers money
    -clean water and sewage disposal was needed for a healthy nation
27
Q

how did the liberal reforms help children?

A

-free school meals act (1906)
- 1907, free medical inspectors were introduced in schools
-1908, the children act made it illegal to neglect children or sell them alcohol or tobacco

28
Q

how did john snow discover the causes of cholera

A
  • traced the sources of the outbreak to a water pump on broad street in London, 1854
  • many victims lived near the water pump, Snow theorises that cholera couldn’t be caused by miasma but contaminated water
29
Q

how did the parliament react to the great stink?

A
  • the smell was so bad that the politicians in the houses of parliament next to the river demanded to meet somewhere else
30
Q

why was there opposition to John Snows discovery of the causes of cholera

A

germ theory wasn’t published yet

31
Q

2 ways ton prevent cholera

A

-tried to prevent it by cleaning dirty streets, thought it was caused by cholera
-1848, suggested towns and cities should provide clean water supplies, however it wasn’t compulsory

32
Q

Florence Nightingale contribution to medicine

A

-improved hygiene of Scutari, by cleaning surfaces, washing bedding, ensuring kitchens were clean
- death rate: 42% to 2%
-quality of food was improved, windows opened for air circulation

33
Q

Who was William Beveridge?

A
  • government minister, formed a basis on the welfare state
  • 5 giant evils:
    want (poverty) , disease, ignorance (lack of education), squalor (unhygienic living), idleness (unemployment)
34
Q

why did the liberal party introduce reforms?

A
  • studies by Rowntree and Booth (1901-1903) showed pverty people suffered from malnutrition and poor health
  • a third of recruits for the Boer war (1899-1902) were unfit due to poverty
  • many people couldn’t afford health care
  • industrial revolution created poor living conditions for the working class, increased disease
35
Q

public health act of 1975

A
  • more significant than the PHA in 1848
    -signified change in laissez-faire attitude, compulsory
    1) must be provision of clean water and proper disposal of rubbish and sewage
    2) medical officers should be appointed in every area
    3) standards for new housing, lodging houses should be checked
36
Q

nursing in WWI

A

-VADS–> for untrained nurse
-QAIMINS–> trained nurses
1914- 300 members
1918- over 10,000 members
-FANY–> first aid specialists, founded in 1907, allowed to drive ambulances from 1916

37
Q

impact of Florence Nightingale on hospitals

A

-1868, St. Thomas hospital was rebuilt to Florence Nightingales recommendations

38
Q

Frances Hoggan

A
  • qualified as a doctor at Zurich University after being refused at the Loyal Society of Apothecaries
39
Q

When were woman able to become doctors?

A
  • 1891, 65 female doctors
    -1876, the british government passed a law that women shouldn’t be prevented to become doctors
  • Elizabeth Garret Anderson
  • Frances Hoggan
  • Sophia Jex Blake
40
Q

Elizabeth Garret Anderson

A
  • first qualified female doctor (1876)
  • opened St. Marys dispensary in London, provided medical treatment for women
  • accepted by Society of Apothecaries (1865), only after her father threatened to sue
41
Q

What did Florence Nightingale bring to nursing

A
  • raised status of nursing to a popular profession, by 1900 there were 68,000 nurses in Britain
  • Introduced strict ideas for nursing, certain bedtimes, write a progress report every week
  • gives nurses formal training
42
Q

significance of Florence Nightingale

A
  • founded if modern nursing, turned nursing into respectable profession, introduced patient care and cleanliness into hospitals
  • considered an expert on nursing and hospital (1856)
43
Q

4 principles of germ theory

A
  • the air contains microorganisms
  • microbes in the air caused decay
  • microbes are not evenly distributed in the air
  • microbes can be killed by killing them, pasteurisation
44
Q

chicken cholera vaccine

A
  • discovered in 1879
  • a mistake by Pastuers assistant lead to the realisation that the germ was weakened when exposed to air
  • injecting the weakened germ into chickens stopped them from catching the disease
45
Q

how did Pasteur help the development of vaccine

A

-in 1881, Pasteurs team produced a weakened strain of anthrax vaccine that would prevent disease in sheep
- in 1885, Pasteur successfully cured a boy from rabies using a vaccine

46
Q

what lead to a scientific breakthrough?

A

rivalry between Pasteur and Koch

47
Q

Robert koch

A

-german doctor
- known as father of bacteriology

48
Q

what caused rivalry between Pasteur and Koch

A

-researching during the Franco- Prussian war, defeating disease could have a big impact on the battle field
- government of france and germany funded them
- communication increased rivalry
- teamwork and rivalry contributed to breakthroughs, as both sides wanted to quickly discover vaccinations for contagious diseases such as Diphtheria

49
Q

Emil Von Bearing

A

scientist who discovered antitoxins could be used successfully treat diphtheria, discovered antitoxins in 1890

50
Q

who discovered the magic bullet

A

Paul erlich worked with Robert Koch, Emil Von Benring and Sahachiro Hata (1900)

51
Q

impact of magic bullet discovery

A

-birth of pharmeutical industry

52
Q

salvarsan 606

A
  • 1909 by Paul Erlich and Hata
    -killed syphilis germ
53
Q

Alexander Flemming

A

-1928, penicillin
- army doctor in WWI
-1929, published his findings in British Journal of Experimental Pathology

54
Q

nobel prize for penicillin

A
  • 1945, Flemming, Florey and Chain were jointly awarded nobel prize for medicine for work on penicillin
55
Q

prontosil

A

-found to be the magic bullet that killed the streptococcus infection
- Gerhard Domagk used to cure his daughter in 1935

56
Q

when was the synthetic (chemical) version of penicillin created?

A

1955

57
Q

discovery of peniciilin

A
  • first antibiotic
  • saved 200 million lives since development
  • flemming accidentally left some bacteria on a petri dish in his lab
    -after 2 weeks, the green mould (penicillin notatum) stopped growing
58
Q

problems with penicillin

A
  • difficult to grow enough for effective research
  • take time to have an effect
  • unable to get funding
59
Q

Norman Heatley

A

Biochemist, helped Florey and Chain to develop equipment to test penicillin

60
Q

how did WW2 change medicine?

A

-resulting in injuries drove further developments in medicine, especially in blood transfusions and skin grafts

61
Q

role of women in WW2

A

-women worked as ambulance drivers, stretcher- bearers and with the rescue
-nurses given military ranks from 1941 and had to take part in training after 1943
- Many members of QAIMINS served overseas
- more women studied medicine in 1946 than 1938
1946= 2,900 1938= 2000

62
Q

Dwight harken

A

-developed a new technique for removing bullets from the heart
- conducted 130 of these operations in WW2 and no one died

63
Q

better methods of plastic surgery in WW2

A
  • saline, improved movement in the area when the burn healed
  • war lead to new advances in skin graft methods
64
Q

PTSD treatment in WW2

A

18 psychiatric hospitals set up in peaceful surroundings

65
Q

key developments of blood transfusions in WW2

A
  • blood donations became more common- 700,000 donated blood in WW2
  • better blood banks, army blood supply depot in Bristol
  • doctors began to use blood plasma
    –> developed dried plasma package, easier to store
66
Q

Wylie Mckissock

A

worked on brain injuries in WW2, building work of Harvey Cushing in WWI

67
Q

marie curie

A

-polish doctor given nobel prize in 1903
-1898, finds 2 new radioactive elements–> radium and polonium
-built mobile x rays to be used on the front line and in base hospitals
-trained over 150 friends and volunteers how to drive and use the x ray machines
-drove ‘Little Curies’ all over the western front

68
Q

when was germ theory published

A

1861

69
Q

who was chloroform discovered by and when?

A

James simpson in 1847

history (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions