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Witchcraze > Changes in ideas/philosophy > Flashcards

Changes in ideas/philosophy Flashcards

1
Q

Name Francis Bacon’s key works.

A

The Advancement of Learning, 1605
The New instrument, 1620
The New Atlantis, 1626

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2
Q

Outline Francis Bacon’s background

A

He went to Cambridge age 12, was a lawyer, MP and member of the Privy Council.

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3
Q

What were bacon’s key ideas/concepts?

A

An emphasis on inductive reasoning, empirical knowledge and the experimental method. Methodical observation of facts was best way to understand the universe.

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4
Q

At what point in the period was Bacon Active?

A

Early in the period, the beginning of the 17th century.

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5
Q

What influence did Bacon have on the Royal Society?

A

He was regularly mentioned in their early meetings and they based many investigations of his methods.

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6
Q

How did he influence lord Falkland and what impact did this have?

A

Created a scientific group at his manor house who concluded that the Bible is open to interpretation meaning all religious denominations should be tolerated. This idea was popular during the Civil war.

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7
Q

What are the limitations to Francis Bacon?

A

He never carried out a scientific experiment, his ideas had little influence in his lifetime, he allowed unexplained or the supernatural phenomena to exist. No distinction between magical and rational qualities.

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8
Q

What was John Locke’s main work?

A

Essay concerning human understanding, 1690

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9
Q

Outline Locke’s background?

A

Studied medicine at Oxford. worked for Lord Shaftesbury, founder of the Whig movement.

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10
Q

What were Locke’s key ideas?

A

Strong empiricist- sought to make conclusions only through experience and observation. ‘Tabula rasa’- humans born with a blank slate and mind filled with experience only .Materialist

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11
Q

What impact did Locke have?

A

Ideas became popular quickly after Glorious Revolution. He put responsibility of actions on man and not God. Drafted arguments for the regulation of printing which gave more freedom of the press.

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12
Q

What were the limitations to Locke?

A

Most of his works published after glorious revolution. Believed in aspects of astrology.

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13
Q

What was Thomas Hobbes main publication?

A

The Leviathan, 1651.

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14
Q

Outline Thomas Hobbes background.

A

Son of a vicar, studied at Oxford, tutored Charles the 2nd, influenced by Euclid, worked for Francis Bacon.

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15
Q

What were Hobbes’ key ideas?

A

Challenged inductive reasoning and believed deductive reasoning was better as knowledge should be indisputable. Complete materialist.

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16
Q

What does materialism challenge?

A

The idea that anything non-physical exists. Challenges ideas of angels, magic

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17
Q

How did deductive reasoning challenge the idea of the supernatural?

A

Supernatural beings were not deductively valid.

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18
Q

What did Hobbes attribute witchcraft to?

A

Madness or epilepsy.

19
Q

Who did Hobbes influence?

A

John Webster, Balthasaar Bekker, John Holt.

20
Q

How was Hobbes limited?

A

Acknowledged there was matter we cannot see. Sometimes promoted his own ideology rather than a logical view.

21
Q

When was Gresham College founded?

A

1597

22
Q

Who was Gresham College founded by and what was it initially based on?

A

Thomas Gresham, left his money to be invested in law, rhetoric, divinity, music, physics, geometry, astronomy.

23
Q

What key ideas/concepts were promoted through Gresham College?

A

Popularized the use of logarithms. Bedwell translated important mathematical works into English. Gunter improved navigation.

24
Q

When was the royal society founded?

A

1660

25
Q

When did the royal society primarily become scientific?

A

1684

26
Q

How much of an influence did the royal society have?

A

Greater influence than Oxford or Cambridge during the period.

27
Q

What were the main ideas/methods of the royal society?

A

Baconian method, gather all knowledge about nature. Focus on critical investigation, would discuss gravity, friction, medicine, planets etc..

28
Q

How did the royal society affect Europe?

A

It was followed by imitator groups in other countries. For example the french royal academy of science, Prussian society.

29
Q

What was the Royal societies general view of magic?

A

Were not interested in anything magical, frequently dismissed anything concerning magic.

30
Q

What were the limitations concerning the royal society?

A

Early members were interested in magical areas of study. Joseph Glanville used it to argue for the existence of witches.

31
Q

Define reasoning

A

How something is worked out

32
Q

Define inductive reasoning

A

Reasoning based on observation and evidence. This allows for something to be proved false.

33
Q

Define deductive reasoning

A

Reasoning based on something already known or assumed. Because we know gravity impacts all things on earth, an object falling to the ground is because of the gravity. Facts collected to prove a theory

34
Q

What is empiricism?

A

A theory that all knowledge is based on experience and derived from the senses. Empiricists are sceptical that anything can be known for certain and don’t believe in anything that cannot be observed.

35
Q

What is materialism?

A

The belief that the only real things have matter, Leaves no room for magic.

36
Q

What kind of reasoning did Bacon favour?

A

Inductive

37
Q

What did Bacon say was the best way of understanding natural phenomena?

A

We should accumulate as much data as possible, methodical and meticulous observation of facts.

38
Q

How did Bacon’s method allow for magic?

A

He reverted to logic used by those who studied natural magic. His method allowed for supernatural phenomenon as long as they are observed scientifically.

39
Q

What did the book the new atlantis show?

A

A utopian society in which science was fully appreciated.

40
Q

When did the RS become purely scientific?

A

1684

41
Q

What kind of reasoning did Hobbes favour and why?

A

Deductive, Bacon was too experimental, never provided secure knowledge as doubt always exists within inductive knowledge.

42
Q

Who did Hobbes influence?

A

Bekker, Webster and John Holt, took a more rational approach to reasoning.

43
Q

What did Locke think was the most important form of knowledge?

A

Empirical knowledge

44
Q

What did Locke suggest man and not God was responsible for?

A

Knowledge.

Witchcraze (8 decks)

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