Changes in genetic makeup Flashcards

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1
Q

An allele is ?

A

a variation of a gene at a particular gene locus

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2
Q

A species is defined as …

A

A group of organisms that interbreed to produce viable and fertile offspring

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3
Q

Phenotype is the ?

A

physical, behavioural or physiological characteristic of an organism which are a result of the combination of genotype and the environment

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4
Q

Allele frequency is ..

A

The proportion of one allele in a population

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5
Q

A point mutation is when ?

A

one single nucleotide is changed

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6
Q

A silent mutation is where the ?

A

Base changes but still codes for the same base as the DNA code is degenerate

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7
Q

A missense mutation is where ?

A

Base changes and so does the amino acids coded for so may affect the function of the protein

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8
Q

A nonsense mutation is where ?

A

Base changes and so does the amino acids coded creating a stop codon and a non-functional protein

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9
Q

A population is defined as ?

A

a group of individuals of the same species in the same defined geographical area

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10
Q

Evolution is the ?

A

change in allele frequency over time

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11
Q

Gene flow is ?

A

The movement of individual in and out of of a population changing allele frequency

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12
Q

Allopatric speciation is ?

A

Speciation due to geographical barriers separating a population

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13
Q

Genetic drift is the ?

A

change in allele frequencies in a population by chance

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14
Q

Founder effect is when ?

A

A group of individuals, whose allele frequency unrepresentative of the normal population, breakawayand found a new population

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15
Q

Bottleneck effect is ?

A

A severe reduction in genetic diversity due to a catastrophe that may change allele frequency

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16
Q

Extinction is defined as ?

A

When no member of a particular species exists

17
Q

Selective breeding is ?

A

Humans choosing which organisms will breed, and pass on their alleles, based on desired traits

18
Q

Define biological fitness

A

The ability to survive, reproduce and pass on alleles to the next generation

19
Q

Define selective agent/pressure

A

A factor in an organism’s environment that removes unsuited individuals from a population

20
Q

Using the acronym list the 5 steps of Natural Selection

A

VA – There is variation in the phenotypes in the xxxxxxx population due to random mutations as they have xxxxxxx
ST – All organisms face a daily struggle to survive and reproduce. Thexxxxxx withxxxxxx struggle because xxxxx (selection pressure)
SE – The xxxxx with xxxhave a selective advantage as they xxxxx
IN – The organisms that have a selective advantage (xxxx), survive, reproduce and their offspring inherit the alleles for the trait of XXXXXX
E – Evolution occurs by natural selection and there is a change in allele frequency over time and theXXX population becomes better suited to its environment.

21
Q

Define gene pool

A

The complete set of alleles present in a population.

22
Q

Aneuploidy is ?

A

A diploid cell with too many or too few chromosomes compared to their normal diploid number.

23
Q

Polyploidy is ….

A

A cell with more than one paired set of chromosome

24
Q

The structure for an allopatric speciation question must include

A

Geographical barrier - no gene flow
Populations have different selection pressures and so allele frequencies change
Overtime the two populations are so different they cannot interbreed to produce viable fertile offspring

25
Q

Genotype is

A

the allele combination of an individual

26
Q

A Mutation is ..

A

A change in the allele due to a change in the DNA

27
Q

Describe how we know if two organisms are separate species.

A

If they can interbreed to produce fertile and viable offpsirng then then are the same species.

28
Q

Define bacterial conjugation

A

is the process in which bacteria exchange genetic material via direct cell-cell contact

29
Q

Name three factors that contribute to the formation of antiobiotic resistant bacteria

A

Inappropriate compliance with a treatment plan
Inappropriate use of antibiotics
Widespread use of antibiotics

30
Q

Genetic diversity is

A

the variation in a genetic makeup or alleles within a population

31
Q

Antigenic drift is

A

Small and gradual mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens

32
Q

Antigenic shift is

A

Sudden and significant mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens