changes and conflict Flashcards
1
Q
what were the impacts of railroads? (4)
A
- increased settlement
- disrupted buffalo herds
- led to buffalo extermination
- indigenous tribes were moved off railroad land onto reservations
2
Q
how did trains disrupt buffalo migrations? (2)
A
- noise of trains
- fencing of railroad tracks
3
Q
what were the impacts of the growing cattle industry?
A
- cattle and buffalo competed for the same resources
-cattle trails often crossed indigenous lands- some allowed it for a fee but others attacked
4
Q
impacts of gold prospecting (searching) on indigenous peoples (5)
A
- prospectors crossed tribal land and ignored treaties
- prospectors brought diseases which indigenous peoples were not used to
- prospectors killed buffalo that were needed
- violence sometimes broke out between prospectors and tribes
-mining camps grew and brought schools/churches that were not part of native culture
5
Q
why did indigenous peoples move to reservations? (5)
A
- white American expansion meant there was less animals and land to hunt on
- US government promised protection of their lands and regular food supply
- tribes signed treaties out of desperation for food
- some tribes sided with US for support against enemies
- US army forced tribes into reservations
6
Q
why were reservations good for the US?
A
- limited contact/conflict between tribes and white settlers
- encourage tribes to accept white American culture (Christianity/farming)
7
Q
how did reservations affect Indigenous ways of life? (3)
A
- reservations were made smaller, meaning they could not survive through hunting and forcing them to become dependent on government food supplies
- agents that ran the reservations were usually corrupt and cheated tribes
- when conflicts due to these pressures occurred, the government used the excuse to take more land from the tribes
8
Q
when was the second fort laramie treaty?
A
1868
9
Q
what were the terms of the second Fort Laramie treaty? (4)
A
- great Sioux reservation set up, including black hills that were sacred to the Sioux
- US government agreed to make regular payments of food and clothing to the Sioux
- US government would close Bozeman trail and forts along it
- white settlers could not go on the Great Sioux reservation
10
Q
why was the second Fort Laramie treaty created? (3)
A
- government broke the first one
- lots of tension between white settlers and indigenous peoples
- at the end of red cloud’s war this treaty was the compromise made between Lakota Sioux and US government
11
Q
when was little crow’s war?
A
1862
12
Q
what happened in Little Crow’s war? (3)
A
- crops failed on their reservation and government promised food didn’t arrive, leading to starvation
- Little Crow and others attacked the agency running their reservation and stole food before burning agency buildings and killing several US soldiers
- 38 of the indigenous Americans were executed and the rest of their tribe moved to a smaller reservation but its barren landscape still caused many deaths that winter.
13
Q
when was the Sand Creek Massacre?
A
1864
14
Q
what happened in the Sand Creek Massacre? (4)
A
- gold rush to rocky mountains caused disruption to Cheyenne and Arapaho land so the US government’s treaty of Fort Wise moved them to a reservation
- they moved, though some refused and raided gold prospectors, and many starved due to crop failure
- after three years, the leader of Cheyenne- Black Kettle- tried to negotiate with government and he set up a camp at sand creek, believing he had their protection
- Colonel Chivington led a massacre of 150 indigenous Americans in the camp, which horrified many people
15
Q
when was Red Cloud’s war?
A
1866-68
16
Q
what happened in Red Cloud’s war? (4)
A
- gold discoveries in Montana lead to many prospectors using the Bozeman trail (connected Montana and Oregon trail) which crossed Sioux hunting grounds and broke first fort laramie treaty, so red cloud attacked them
- government talked with Red Cloud and other leaders to offer a guarantee of protection in return for allowing travellers along the Bozeman trail
- RC learned that the government wanted to build forts on the trail with or without his consent so chose to fight- 3000 tribal warriors against 700 US soldiers
- 80 soldiers led by Fetterman were killed by the Sioux which led to the second Fort Laramie treaty being negotiated
17
Q
how was the outcome of Red Cloud’s war a win for the government, even thought they were defeated? (2)
A
- got Red Cloud’s tribe to agree to second Fort Laramie Treaty
- also managed to get the tribes into a reservation, which was their aim overall
18
Q
what was dry farming?
A
aimed to conserve the amount of water trapped in the soil by ploughing it immediately after rainfall
19
Q
significance of dry farming: (2)
A
- promoted as the best farming method for homesteaders to use in growing wheat
- responsible for turning the Plains into America’s main wheat producing region
20
Q
what was a wind pump?
A
a self regulating windmill that turned automatically as the wind changed direction, invented in 1854, used to pump water out from 100s of meters below the ground
21
Q
how did barbed wire develop? (2)
A
- used in absence of wood for fences but was expensive and broke easily or had long barbs that wounded cattle
-by the 1880, there was a coating that was applied to strengthen it and it was becoming cheaper too
22
Q
what were 3 changes in farming from 1876-95?
A
- dry farming
- wind pumps
- barbed wire
23
Q
what happened as a result of mass amounts of money going into the cattle industry
A
overstocking of cattle on the open range
24
Q
what were the consequences of overstocking? (3)
A
- overgrazing
- price drop
- less profit or bankruptcy
25
when was the winter that essentially ended open range ranching?
1886
26
what was the benefit of having a small heard after the winter of 1886?
- easy to find in the snow or to shelter
- easier to protect from cattle rustlers
27
how did the cattle industry recover after the winter of 1886? (2)
- ranchers brought in high quality beef, making an effort to keep the higher quality cows separate so their offspring would also be good quality
- small numbers of cattle reduced beef supply which raised beef prices
28
what was the Exoduster movement?
a migration of black Americans from the southern states to Kansas in 1879
29
when was slavery abolished?
slavery was abolished in 1865 after the civil war
30
why did the Exoduster movement happen? (2)
- slavery was abolished and people were all supposed to be politically and economically equal to each other, but many southern white people prevented this
- this meant many former slaves continues to face violence and poverty in the south, so some (the Exodusters) migrated for a better life to Kansas
31
who were the Exodusters?
40,000 former slaves who migrated to Kansas after continued violence in the south
32
where did the name Exoduster come from?
the bible story of Exodus- an escape from slavery
33
why did Exodusters flee to Kansas?
it had a reputation of being anti-slavery
34
2 things that were pull factors of the Exodusters to Kansas:
- homestead act allowed them to claim private land
- false rumour spread that the federal gov had given Kansas to the former slaves
35
consequences of the Exoduster movement (3)
- problems with farming such as all the best land was taken and the Exodusters had no money to begin farming so struggled to survive
- southern people strongly opposed this migration and thought they shouldn't get any help, so Kansas governor set up some help for them
- Exodusters were typically poorer than white migrants and had fewer rights
36
when was the Oklahoma land rush?
1889
37
what was the Oklahoma land rush?
the government opened up the middle section of Indian territory for settlement and had thousands of white settlers rush over the boundary to claim their 160 acres
38
how many Oklahoma land rushes were there? which was the biggest?
- 7 land rushes
- Cherokee strip land rush- 1893- 8 million acres open for settlement
39
what did the Oklahoma land rushes mean for Plains Indians?
the idea of separate Indian territory was completely over which led to the "Indian Frontier" being closed
40
story of Billy the Kid: (4)
- grew up in poverty and got in trouble for stealing
- involved in a range war between cattle baron John Chisum and ranchers- Billy swore revenge when friends were killed
- Billy's gang caused chaos in New Mexico
- Billy escaped jail and was tracked down and killed by Pat Garrett 1881
41
story of Wyatt Earp: (5)
- got into law enforcement after he was arrested for fighting in Witchita
- moved to the town of tombstone where rich businessmen fought for control of the area against cowboys led by Clantons and McLaureys
- Earp was hired by rich businessmen to end the fight in their favour
- Earp and brothers had a tough way of handling crime, possibly increasing lawlessness
- rivalry with Clantons and McLaureys led to gunfight at OK Corral which turned the public opinion against the Earps, portraying them as murderers
42
what was the Johnson County war?
a range war between cattle barons and homesteaders + small ranchers
43
what was a range war?
major conflicts for the control of land and resources in the west
44
what impact did the growth of the cattle industry have on the start of the Johnson county war? (2)
- there were huge cattle ranches developed, backed by foreign investment
- a few cattle barons owned these ranches and controlled Wyoming
45
what impact did the winter of 1886 have on the start of the Johnson county war? (3)
- terrible losses to open range herds in Wyoming
- power and influence of big ranchers was shaken and some went bankrupt
- smaller ranchers did better so the big ranchers believed they stole from them
46
what impact did the tensions between big and small ranchers have on the start of the Johnson county war? (4)
- population of Wyoming increased as more homesteaders and small ranchers moved there
- barbed wire fences were a problem for big ranches
- newcomers disliked the political power of the big ranchers
- in the Johnson County, juries never convicted people accused of rustling big ranch cattle
47
who were Ella Watson and Jim Averill?
homesteaders who had a 640 acre claim to public land that a rancher, Albert Bothwell, used for his cattle
48
what events led to the killing of Ella Watson and Jim Averill? (4)
- their 640 acre claim was to land that was occupied by a rancher- Albert Bothwell
- Averill wrote rude letters about Bothwell to the local newspaper
- Watson obtained a small herd of cows and was accused of rustling Bothwell's cows
- Bothwell and his men hung Averill and Watson and took back the land
49
what 4 events led to the Johnson County war?
- growth of the cattle industry in Wyoming
- Winter of 1886
- tensions between big and small ranchers
- the killing of Ella Watson and Jim Averill
50
how did the Johnson County war conflict begin? (2)
- as a result of Watson and Averill's death + 3 more murders, small ranchers announced a spring round up earlier than the WSGA round up by the big ranchers
- WSGA members were sure that the small ranchers would use this round up to rustle their cattle
51
what was the main events of conflict in the Johnson County war? (2)
- WSGA hired 22 gunmen from Texas to 'invade' Johnson County and kill 70 suspected rustlers- they had raised $100,000 to pay for legal costs after this invasion
- the invasion failed as the 'invaders' got held up in a shoot out. When word reached Sheriff Angus of Johnson County, the invaders were arrested
52
when was the Johnson County war?
1892
53
what were the consequences of the Johnson County war? (4)
- WSGA's $100,000 was used to hire the best Chicago lawyers
- the lawyers got the trial moved to Cheyenne juries who favoured the WSGA
- WSGA lawyers delayed the trial until Johnson County could no longer afford to keep the invader prisoners in jail
- the state government, full of WSGA supporters, refused to help with the costs of the trial and the invaders were set free
54
why was it significant that the 'invaders' were arrested in the Johnson County war?
although they were set free, it is significant that vigilantism was so strongly resisted in the Johnson County
55
what does WSGA stand for?
Wyoming Stock Growers Association
56
when was the battle of Little Big Horn
1876
57
why was the battle of Little Big Horn, 1876, a turning point?
because the Sioux defeated the US army which transformed US policy towards Plains Indians
58
what events led to the Battle of Little Big Horn?
- General George Custer led men to protect railroad builders and look for gold near Sioux land established in the second Fort Laramie Treaty
- prospectors staked claims to the land and offered the Sioux $6 mill for the black hills (sacred land to the tribes) which they refused
- some of the Sioux left the reservation and were given 60 days to return before attack but the deep snow made travel difficult
- by spring, over 7000 Sioux warriors were ready for war and defeated General Crook before moving towards Little Big Horn river
59
what happened at the battle of Little Big Horn?
25th June 1876, Custer attacks the Plains Indians at the Little Big Horn and is badly defeated- 225 men were killed and many stripped, scalped and disfigured
60
what did the US government offer the Sioux for the black hills prior to the Battle of Little Big Horn
$6 million
61
By spring, leading into the battle of Little Big Horn, how many indigenous tribe members were prepared for war?
7000
62
how many of Custer's men died at the battle of Little Big Horn?
225
63
why do people blame Custer for the army's defeat at Little Big Horn? (3)
- should have waited for back up
- only had 600 men and split them up to attack
- heavily outnumbered and easily defeated
64
what were the consequences of the Battle of Little Big Horn?
massacre of Custer's men shocked many people, meaning that whilst beforehand the public opinion favoured trying to reach agreement with Plain's Indians, they now wanted to destroy them and their culture
65
how was the US army's defeat actually a long-term success? (4)
- 2 forts were built and 2500 army reinforcements sent west
- most tribes were in their reservations
they captured Crazy Horse who was later killed trying to escape
- Sitting Bull moved his tribes to Canada but, due to food shortages, was forced back and surrendered in 1881
- Sioux were forced to sell Black Hills and give up weapons to live under military rule
66
when was the Wounded Knee Masacre?
1890
67
what was the Ghost Dance? (2)
- a response to Sioux rations getting cut and their crops failing
- one tribe member had a vision that if they all kept dancing, the Great Spirit would bring back the dead and carry white people away in a great flood
68
what was the US response to the Ghost Dance? (3)
- as more reservations began to dance, the agents got worried and tried to intervene
- sitting bull was killed when he was trying to be arrested in case he tried to start a rebellion
- his followers fled South to join the band of Big Foot, who had also fled when the army moved in
69
what happened in the Wounded Knee massacre, 1890? (3)
- Sitting Bulls men had joined Big Foots band after the Ghost Dance incidents but snow and pneumonia slowed them down and the army caught them
- they were taken to Wounded Knee Creek where the army began to disarm them, but they started dancing and shooting broke out
- after 10 minutes, 250 tribe members and 25 soldiers were dead
70
what were the impacts of the Wounded Knee Massacre, 1890? (5)
- last clash between the Sioux and the US army and last time Sioux resisted army control
- confirmed White views about the need to exterminate 'hostile' Indigenous Americans- saw it as justified
- Wounded Knee became a key symbol of oppression in the later fight for Indigenous American's civil rights
- end of the Indian Frontier- nowhere in the US solely belonged to the Indigenous Americans
- end of the Ghost Dance- it worried white Americans as they saw it as a build up to trouble
71
what caused Indigenous peoples to lose control over their ways of life? (5)
- Railroads in the West
- Extermination of Buffalo
- Government's reservation policy
- discovery of Gold in the West
- Homesteads on the Plains
72
who was Buffalo Bill?
a man named William Cody who was employed by the Pacific Railroad company to clear buffalo from tracks and supply workers with meat- killed about 4280 buffalo from 1867-8
73
what were the numbers of buffalo in 1840 and 1885?
1840- 13 million
1885- 200
74
why was their an increase in Buffalo hunting?
it became very profitable as in 1871, a cheap and quick procedure was discovered for turning buffalo hide into leather
75
how and why were the Buffalo exterminated? (5)
- habitat crossed by railroads which were then killed by hunters employed by the companies to feed workers
- hides were made into quality leather goods for good money
- killed by tourists for a sport
- their grassland they fed on was destroyed or eaten by other animals when settlers built towns and cities
- they also caught diseases spread by the settlers cattle and horses
76
who was responsible for the extermination of buffalo? (4)
- white settlers who enjoyed the hunting and wealth
- government nor army did anything to stop the destruction- even encouraged it
- destroying buffalo meant that indigenous people would be less likely to protest about the loss of their nomadic lifestyle
- tribes used to be able to leave reservations to hunt but this was banned in late 1860s to encourage them to be more like white people
77
what was life on reservations like? (4)
- created on land that was least valuable to white settlers- it was not fertile and didn't contain minerals
- indigenous agents were corrupt and money and rations meant for the tribes often disappeared
- rations were poor and crops failed often as well as poor medical care and common diseases
- some indigenous Americans joined an Indian Agency police in return for better food, shelter and clothes
78
what could Indigenous Americans join for better food, shelter and clothes?
Indian Agency Police
79
how did the government slowly remove the power of tribal chiefs on reservations? (3)
- 1871- chiefs no longer signed treaties
- early 1880s- chiefs no longer looked after reservations, councils did
- 1883- Indigenous Americans judged and punished in special courts- these were abolished in 1885 and replaced with US Federal law courts
80
how did the US changes the lives of Indigenous Americans on reservations? (5)
- tribal chiefs lost their power
- indigenous children were taught white American values
- indigenous peoples weren't allowed to hunt
- indigenous beliefs were banned
- indigenous peoples were deskilled
81
what happened to indigenous American children in schools on reservations? (2)
- punished for using own language or respecting culture
- no longer fitted in with families but not white American kids either
82
how did not being able to hunt on reservations affect indigenous peoples? (2)
- affected their whole social structure and removed men's traditional role
- affected clothing and lifestyle
83
how were indigenous beliefs banned on reservations? (2)
- put and end to feasts, dances and ceremonies to reduce the power of medicine men, an important part of tribal life
- Christian missionaries were sent to "civilise" Indigenous Americans
84
how were indigenous peoples de-skilled on reservations? (2)
- no horses on reservations so couldn't hunt buffalo or fight
- some indigenous people refused to learn "white" skills, such as ploughing/sowing/reaping
85
what does assimilation mean?
becoming part of US society
86
why had the reservation system been designed? (3)
- to help Plains Indians assimilate into white America
- prevent them from getting in the way of the white takeover
- encourage Plains Indians to depend on Government handouts
87
what influenced government attitudes? (4)
- pressure from white Americans wanting indigenous land for farming
- pressure from white people who thought indigenous people were getting too much help
- believed indigenous Americans should assimilate into white America by becoming farmers and Christians and settling in one place
- felt that indigenous peoples should be protected from white Americans through protected land, treaties and government support
88
when was the Dawes Act?
1887
89
what was the Dawes Act? (4)
- each indigenous family was allotted 160 acres of reservation land, 80 acres to single indigenous Americans and 40 to orphans under 18
- indigenous Americans who took their allotment and left the reservation could become an American citizen
- could not sell allotments for 25 years
- all reservation land left over after allotments could be sold to white Americans
90
what were the aims of the Dawes Act 1887? (6)
- encourage indigenous Americans to become US citizens
- encourage individualism instead of tribal identity
- encourage Indigenous Americans to farm for themselves, not rely on tribe
- free up more land for white settlers
- reduce costs of running reservations
- reduce influence of chiefs and tribal councils
91
what was the significance of the Dawes Act 1887? (4)
- failed to improve conditions for indigenous Americans
- by 1890, Indigenous Americans had lost half of their land to white people
- indigenous Americans who took up allotments could not farm successfully due to bad quality land
- most indigenous Americans sold their land as fast as they could and ended up landless, and many were cheated into selling it
92
how did the 'closure of the Indian Frontier' come about?
in 1890, the US census office, part of the US government, declared there was no longer a frontier between settled land and 'wilderness'.
93
what did the 'closure of the Indian Frontier' mean?
the USA had complete control of the West
94
when was the 'closure of the Indian Frontier'?
1890
