Change & Formation

Question 1

Eonile

Answer 1

• 7-6mya
• Tectonic movement cause Africa to collide with Europe
• Water was blocked from flowing from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea
• Mediterranean Sea evaporated and became a desert
• Increased evaporation increased rainfall, so there was more erosion
• Created a 4km deep channel where the Nile is today

Question 2

Paleonile

Answer 2

• 5.4mya
• Water breaks through Atlantic and fills the Mediterranean Sea
• River only flowed as far as Southern Egypt
• Sediments were transported and gradually filled the basin
• Sand dunes filled up Paleonile channel

Question 3

Protonile

Answer 3

• 1.5mya
• Short periods of frequent rain formed another river
• Did not last long

Question 4

Prenile

Answer 4

• 700,000-200,000 years ago
• Tectonic movement caused Ethiopian Highlands to tilt, causing more water to flow to the Sudd
• Formed a large river with wide floodplains
• Transported sediment deposited in the delta

Question 5

Neonile

Answer 5

• 120,000 years ago
• Climatic changes caused the river to develop more;
• 12,500 years ago - Lake Victoria outlet develops
• 10,000 years ago - Flow and shape is similar to the modern Nile

Question 6

What should be included in the Eonile diagram? (Drawing and description)

Answer 6

Drawing:

• Egypt connected to the land above it
• Gibraltar strait is closed (touching both lands)
• The Mediterranean Sea in between
• Atlantic ocean to the left

Description:

1. Gibraltar strait closed up due to tectonic movement
2. Due to this, water from the Atlantic Ocean couldn’t flow to the Mediterranean Sea
3. This resulted in climate change, which resulted in temperatures increasing and rainfall decreasing
4. The Mediterranean Sea dried up due to climate change, leaving salt deposits and and a bigger crevasse than the Grand Canyon

Question 7

What should be included in the Neonile diagram? (Drawing and description)

Answer 7

Diagram:

• Gibraltar strait flowing inbetween Egypt and the above land
• River Nile and delta
• Mediterranean Sea
• Atlantic Ocean to the left

Description:

1. The Gibraltar strait opened up due to more tectonic movement
2. The Atlantic Ocean started flowing to the Mediterranean Sea again
3. Due to water from both the Blue and White Nile, the tectonic movement and the Ethiopian Highlands, a river formed
4. The climate remained the same but because of the water from the Atlantic and the Ethiopian Highlands, the Nile nor Mediterranean Sea wouldn’t dry up

Question 8

What should be included in the Prenile diagram? (Drawing and description)

Answer 8

Diagram:

• Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan and Uganda
• Mediterranean Sea
• River Nile (Blue and White)
• Lake Tana and Victoria

Description:

1. Tectonic movement in the Ethiopian Highlands, tilted it to the Nile basin
2. More water flowed to the Sudd
3. Transported sediment was deposited 100’s of meters deeps at the delta