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Organ Systems > Chamberlain's portion > Flashcards

Chamberlain's portion Flashcards

1
Q

What do stomach mucous neck cells produce? Parietal? Enterochromaffin-like, chief, D, G cells?

A 
Mucous
HCl and Intrinsic Factor
Histamine
Pepsin + gastric lipase
Somatostatin
Gastrin
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2
Q

What do pancreatic proteases secrete?

A

HCO3-

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3
Q

What is the purpose of taste receptors in the small intestine?

A

Sweet (glucose) receptors stimulate paracrine release of glucagon-like peptide (GLP) which upregulates glucose transporters in nearby enterocytes for absorption and stimulate afferent neurons

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4
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

During low blood glucose, it is released by alpha cells in the pancreas, liver releases glucose into blood

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5
Q

What does insulin do?

A

During high blood glucose, beta cells in pancreas releases insulin, liver inhibition, body’s cells absorb glucose

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6
Q

How is the equilibrium point for glucose determined?

A

Intersection of insulin and glucagon curve will change as hormones and autonomic activity changes

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7
Q

What happens to the equilibrium point for glucose in diabetics?

A

Increases

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8
Q

What are the actions of somatostatin on the stomach and pancreas?

A

D cell (delta cell in pancreas) secretes SST which inhibits G cells, insulin, and glucagon

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9
Q

How does insulin regulate carb + fat metabolism and storage?

A

Glucose uptake into cells
Protein, fat, glycogen synthesis
Growth and gene expression
Satiety signal

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10
Q

What transporter is used for transporting glucose into cells?

A

GLUT4

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11
Q

What enzymes are involved in protein, fat, and glycogen synthesis?

A

Protein - mRNA translation, ribosome synthesis
Fat - FA synthase, lipoprotein lipase to absorb FAs
Glycogen - glycogen synthase (phosphorylase inhibited), activate glycolysis

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12
Q

What are the channels and receptors involved in the process of insulin release in response to high blood glucose?

A 
Glucose
Glycolysis
Increase in ATP
Closes K+ channel leads to depolarization
Opens Ca2+ channel
Calcium releases insulin from vesicles
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13
Q

What is the sympathetic NS influence on glucose levels?

A

Increases blood glucose; E+NE increases release of glucose from the liver and decreases uptake by cells. Can lead to insulin resistance

Stimulates alpha receptors that increases glucagon release

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14
Q

What is the parasympathetic NS influence on glucose levels?

A

Decreases blood glucose; Ach stimulates beta cells in cephalic phase to increase insulin release

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15
Q

What is the normal fasting blood glucose range? How does insulin and glucagon keep this homeostatic range?

A

70-110 mg/dl
Insulin decreases blood glucose
Glucagon increases blood glucose

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16
Q

What nutrients are absorbed in the duodenum?

A

Iron, calcium, magnesium

17
Q

What nutrients are absorbed in the jejunum?

A

Vitamin C

18
Q

What nutrients are absorbed in the ileum?

A

Vitamin A, D, E, K, B12

19
Q

What vitamins are transported by the portal system?

A

Water-soluble vitamins: B1, B2, B3, B6, B7, B12, Vitamin C, Folic acid

20
Q

What vitamins are transported by the lacteals and thoracic duct to the venous system?

A

Lipid-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K

21
Q

What water-soluble vitamins are absorbed via passive transport?

A

B1, B6, B7 in jejunum

22
Q

What water-soluble vitamins are absorbed via active transport?

A

B2, C, B12 (in ileum) in jejunum

23
Q

What water-soluble vitamins are absorbed via facilitated transport?

A

B3, B7, folic acid in jejunum

24
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Solubilized within micelles for transport into enterocytes. Chylomicron containing vitamins will be exocytosed from enterocyte and into lacteals to bypass liver

25
Q

What does ONLY the small intestine absorb/secrete?

A

Water and electrolytes
Absorption by enterocyte villi
Secretion of HCO3- by enterocyte crypts of Lieberkuhn

26
Q

What does ONLY the large intestine absorb/secrete?

A

K+, HCO3-
Only crypts of Lieberkuhn
No villi

27
Q

What do both the large and small intestine absorb?

A

Net water, Na+, Cl-, K+

28
Q

What are the two different types of diarrhea?

A

Secretory - Cl- secretion from overstimulation of Cl- channel by E. coli or cholera; serotonin released

Osmotic - increased solutes in lumen pulls water into lumen

29
Q

Why is Na+ important in absorbing nutrients?

A

It’s used to cotransport with glucose or Cl- in jejunum

It’s exchanged with H+ (buffered by HCO- in lumen)

30
Q

How much water is secreted and reabsorbed in the GI daily?

A

9000 ml/day secreted

8900 ml/day reabsorbed

31
Q

Where is visceral fat?

A

Around kidney, heart, GI (between organs and peritoneum)

32
Q

What are the potential problems with having visceral fat?

A

Metabolic syndrome=insulin R, dyslipidemia, type 2 DM, hypertension

33
Q

Why is cortisol elevated with increase in visceral fat?

A

Visceral fat has more cortisol receptors than subcutaneous fat
This enhances FFA uptake and inhibits lipolysis
Redistributes fat from peripheral to abdominal area
Cortisol in turn increases visceral fat–>vicious cycle!

34
Q

Why is a decrease in only 2 BMI points so effective in preventing hiatal hernia and adipokine production?

A

There is a substantial decrease in visceral fat with just 2 BMI points. This decreases metabolic syndrome risk factors

35
Q

How does cortisol interact with various fats?

A

Cortisol increases FFA which increases insulin R

Increases inflammation because fat releases TNF

36
Q

How do adipokines damage IRS receptors?

A

Adipokines secrete TNFalpha and IL-6 when prompted by macrophages in visceral fat and adipocytes
Cytokines causes inflammation and oxidative damage
IRS proteins are phosphorylated, and thus inhibits GLUT4 translocation
Spatial disruption of IRS

37
Q

How does visceral fat affect coronary arteries?

A

The adipokines that are secreted by adipocyte macrophages cause oxidative damage + insulin R
ROS + insulin R = Atherosclerosis

38
Q

Outline what happens in the orexigenic pathway.

A

Inhibited Leptin leads to activity of NPY-AgRP neurons of arcuate nucleus

NPY-AgRP neurons stimulates feeding behavior via stimulating the lateral hypothalamus to vagal PNS, brainstem for simple and cerebral cortex for complex feeding behaviors

NPY-AgRP neurons inhibits PVN which normally increases energy use and weight loss

39
Q

Outline what happens in the anorexigenic pathway.

A

Activated leptin leads to activity of alpha-MSH/CART neurons of the arcuate nucleus

Alpha-MSH/CART neurons inhibit lateral hypothalamus which normally increases appetite

Alpha-MSH/CART neurons stimulate PVN which normally increases energy use and weight loss by increasing: cortisol (move glucose), thyroid hormones (increase metabolism and oxygen use), sympathetic activity (increase lipolysis)

Organ Systems (5 decks)

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