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Italy - failures 1830-49 > Challenges to the restored order 1830-47 > Flashcards

Challenges to the restored order 1830-47 Flashcards

1
Q

In 1830, which territory was ruled by the house of Savoy?

A

Piedmont-Sardinia

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2
Q

In 1830, which territory was directly ruled by Austria?

A

Lombardy-Venetia

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3
Q

In 1830, which territories were satellites of Austria?

A

Central Duchies:

  • Parma
  • Modena
  • Tuscany
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4
Q

In 1830, which state was ruled by the Pope?

A

Papal States

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5
Q

In 1830, which state was ruled by the Bourbons?

A

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

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6
Q

In 1830, which northern states had peasant land ownership?

A
  • Piedmont

- Lombardy

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7
Q

In 1830, which problems faced the south?

A
  • inferior soils
  • malaria
  • absentee landlords
  • mass unemployment
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8
Q

Which was the wealthiest Italian province?

A

Lombardy-Venetia

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9
Q

Which states suffered from strict censorship

A
  • Lombardy-Venetia
  • Papal States
  • Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
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10
Q

What other problems existed in Lombardy-Venetia?

A

heavy taxation and conscription

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11
Q

The Catholic Church was influential in which other states?

A
  • Piedmont-Sardinia

- Modena

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12
Q

Which state was protected by Austrian troops?

A

Papal States

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13
Q

Which social factors heavily prevented unification?

A
  • illiteracy
  • political apathy
  • parochialism
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14
Q

How did Jesuits restrict unification?

A
  • enforced church rules

- attacked those who challenged the church

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15
Q

Why did the 90% Catholic adherence in Italy potentially restrict unification?

A

the church was opposed to change

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16
Q

What did ‘nationalists’ believe?

A
  • people of the same race, culture, language and traditions should be united together - freedom
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17
Q

What did ‘liberals’ believe?

A
  • people should have a say in a representative assembly elected by property owners
  • opposed violence
  • constitutional monarchy
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18
Q

What did ‘radicals’ believe?

A
  • were extreme and wanted social reform and redistribution of wealth
  • used violence
  • all men should elect parliament
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19
Q

How did Austria view political groups?

A
  • believed they could threaten the unity of Austria
  • fierce opposition under Metternich
  • divided peninsula easy beneficial for Austrian dominance
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20
Q

How many members of the Carbonari?

A

60,000 in Naples (5% of male adults)

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21
Q

What were the aims of the Carbonari?

A

constitutions, more rights from monarchs

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22
Q

What were the aims of the Spillo Negro?

A
  • anti-Austrian

- anti-Papal repression

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23
Q

What were the aims of the Federati?

A
  • constitutional government
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24
Q

How was the Federati different to the Carbonari?

A

more moderate, but no less anti-Austrian

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25
Q

What were the strengths of the secret societies?

A
  • large memberships (Carbonari)
  • similar causes
  • nobility leadership (Federati) resulted in influence
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26
Q

What were the weaknesses of the secret societies?

A
  • refused to cooperate
  • not secret
  • excluded peasants
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27
Q

What caused the 1830-32 revolutions?

A

Appointment of liberal Louis-Philippe in France increased hope for Italian revolutionaries

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28
Q

Why did Francis IV have Enrico Misley arrested?

A

revealed plans for united Italy, free from Austrian control

29
Q

What happened while Francis IV was seeking re-assurances from Vienna?

A

Modena was taken over by revolutionaries

30
Q

Why did Duchess Marie-Louise of Parma flee?

A

students demanded a constitution (inspired by Modena)

31
Q

How were Francis and Marie-Louise able to return?

A

the Austrian army (headed by Francis) defeated the revolutionary government within a month

32
Q

In Modena and Parma, how were the revolutionaries treated?

A

imprisoned, exiled or executed

33
Q

What provisional government was formed in Bologna, Papal States in 1831?

A

Government of the Italian Provinces

34
Q

What did the Papal provisional government promise?

A
  • elected assembly

- reformed financial and legal systems

35
Q

How was the Papal provisional government crushed?

A

also violently suppressed by the Austrian army

36
Q

Was France actually interested in helping the revolutionaries?

A

no

37
Q

How did the revolutionaries hinder the success of the revolutions?

A
  • revolutions were local affairs, not national
  • no cooperation between states
  • overreliance on small secret societies
  • too moderate
  • divided aims
38
Q

What social characteristic of the revolutionaries hindered success?

A

mainly middle class

39
Q

How did literature influence the Risorgimento?

A
  • John of Procida (Niccolini): portrayed foreign nationals (Austrians) as wicked oppressors
40
Q

How did music influence the Risorgimento?

A

‘Nabucco’ (Verdi): anti-Austrian message delivered through stories from other countries

41
Q

How did journals influence the Risorgimento?

A

Lombardy: ‘Bibliotheca Italiana’ encouraged use of Italian

42
Q

Out of 27 million people in Italy, how many spoke Italian?

A

630,000 (2.7%)

43
Q

Why was forming a national identity by the 1840s difficult?

A

huge social divides

44
Q

What was of particular importance for most Italians, as opposed to constitutional change?

A

daily survival

45
Q

What else hindered social unity?

A
  • diverse languages
  • illiteracy
  • communication barriers
46
Q

Although there was support for getting rid of Austria, what problem was there for this?

A

differences in approach

47
Q

What did the Reformisti believe?

A

Italy would only flourish after freedom from Austrian control

48
Q

What economic ideas did the Reformisti have?

A
  • improved education

- banks and common monetary system

49
Q

What were seen as examples of Italian growth?

A

cheese and wine industries:

  • Gorgonzola
  • Chianti
50
Q

What political ideas did the Reformisti have?

A
  • opposed Mazzini

- favoured Italian federation

51
Q

Why was farming an issue by 1840?

A
  • inefficient

- vulnerable to foreign competition

52
Q

Why did peasants take part in riots between 1820-40?

A
  • poor harvests

- increased food prices

53
Q

How were urban areas negatively affected?

A
  • overcrowding

- poor housing

54
Q

Where did most economic development take place?

A

North

55
Q

What was the life expectancy in Naples in the 1840s?

A

24

56
Q

Why were the nationalists divided?

A
  • Monarchy vs Republic

- Violent vs Moderate

57
Q

Who led the Adelfi? what were its aims?

A

Filippo Buonarroti

- Anti-Austrian

58
Q

What were the aims of Young Italy?

A

Republican, full unification

59
Q

What failures did Young Italy have?

A

1833 - Piedmont
1834 - Genoa
1844 - Bandiero brothers executed (attempt on Calabria)

60
Q

What were the aims of the 1830-32 revolutions?

A

constitutions

61
Q

What congress discussed ideas in Italian?

A

The Congress of Science (1839-47)

62
Q

Who benefitted from sales of land in the 1830s and 40s? how much was sold by 1860s?

A
  • nobility

- 1/4

63
Q

Across Italy, how many died from malaria per year?

A

330,000

64
Q

What did landowners demand from tenants?

A

high rents, high interest

65
Q

Why was industry limited?

A
  • lack of coal
  • Appenines (barrier to transport)
  • Austrian red tape (Lombardy)
66
Q

How many industrial workers were there?

A
  • 114,000 (Piedmont)
  • 70,000 (Lombardy, Silk)
  • 32,000 (Lombardy, Wool)
67
Q

What illustrates the North-South divide in terms of growth?

A

North: 0.5% GDP increase per year
South: lack of capital, entrepreneurs, skilled workers

68
Q

How did population growth increase food shortages?

A

1800: 17.8 million
1850: 24 million

69
Q

The Macchiaioli artistic movement was based on the Risorgimento. Who did it include? What did the art depict?

A
  • Fattori, Lega

- great battles and leaders

Italy - failures 1830-49 (2 decks)

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