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History > Challenges to Medieval Monarchs > Flashcards

Challenges to Medieval Monarchs Flashcards

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1
Q

When did William I conquer England?

A

14th October 1066 at the Battle of Hastings

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2
Q

Who was the head of the church in Europe?

A

The Pope.

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3
Q

Who did kings believe had selected them for their role?

A

God.

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4
Q

What religion were the Saracens who fought in the Crusades?

A

Muslims.

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5
Q

Which group seized control of Jerusalem in 1079?

A

Seljuk Turks, who were Muslim.

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6
Q

Define Dynasty.

A

A line of monarchs who inherit the throne

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7
Q

Define civil war.

A

A war between people from the same country

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8
Q

Who was the first Viking king to rule all of Anglo-Saxon England?

A

King Canute

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9
Q

How did William I gain control over England?

A

Building castles
Use of terror
Feudal system
Domesday Book through the church
His appointment of Lanfranc as Archbishop of Canterbury

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10
Q

Who was the head of the church in England?

A

The Archbishop of Canterbury

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11
Q

Who was the first Norman king to rule England?

A

William I

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12
Q

Who was the first Plantagenet king?

A

Henry II

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13
Q

Name three things that made Edward III a strong king.

A

Good at war
behaved like a king
revived the English language
popular with the nobles
strengthened justice
had good control of his family

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14
Q

Name three things that made Henry VI a weak king.

A

Hated war
He couldn’t control his nobles
Only had one heir that died
He was king of two countries which is distracting
His religion prevented him from dismissing even incompetent ministers
Civil war broke out during his reign

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15
Q

Case study - Edward III and why he was a strong king.

A

He became king aged 14, and was considered too young to govern and so his mother and her lover Roger Mortimer governed for him. He later had Mortimer arrested and executed without trial.

He defeated the French at the Battle of Crecy and the Scots at the Battle of Neville’s Cross. In 1356 he captured the king of France and kept a large part of southern France.

He wore expensive clothes and valuable jewels, he held jousts and tournaments. He behaved like a king.

The nobles supported him because he consulted them before he took action.

He ordered a return to the use of English language in the law courts, parliament and schools.
There was no opposition to Edward from any five of his sons.

He extended the role of justices of the peace so that they can investigate crimes, make arrests and try cases.

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16
Q

What are Criminous Clerks?

A

Any churchmen who had committed a crime such as rape or murder.

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17
Q

What is Exile?

A

To be sent away or run away from your own country.

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18
Q

Case study - Henry VI and why he was a weak king.

A

He inherited the throne as a baby and a council of nobles ruled for him. This council became very powerful and Henry could not control them.

In 1429, when he was 8 years old, Henry was crowned king of England, and a year later was crowned king of France.

He was deeply religious who was trusting and faithful. He hated rich clothes and jewels and avoided hurting anyone, even incompetent ministers.
He hated violence in any form.

By 1453, all land in France held by England had been lost, except for Calais.

He supported education and founded Eton College, King’s College and Cambridge.

He married Margaret of Anjou, a strong-willed and determined woman, and had one child.

Civil war broke out in 1460 between two noble families, the Yorkists and Lancastrians. Henry’s son was killed, probably by Yorkists.

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19
Q

What was the benefit of the clergy?

A

To be tried in church courts rather than royal courts and receive a more lenient sentence.

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20
Q

What was excommunication?

A

When the pope expelled someone from the church.

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21
Q

Who was in charge of all secular matters in England?

A

The King.

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22
Q

Who did Henry II make Archbishop of Canterbury in 1162?

A

Thomas Beckett.

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23
Q

Define a martyr.

A

A person who dies for their religion.

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24
Q

Define a saint.

A

Martyrs could become saints if the Pope approved it and miracles were linked to them.

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25
Q

How did Beckett change when he became Archbishop?

A

He became heavily religious.

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26
Q

Why did Henry feel betrayed by Thomas Becket?

A

Henry believed that Becket would be loyal to the crown and royal policy when he was appointed Archbishop, but he became intensely religious and refused to take orders from the king and defended the clergy.

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27
Q

What did Henry II propose in the Constitutions of Clarendon?

A

That royal authority should dominate church authority, ending the Benefit of the Clergy and allowing criminous clerks to be tried in royal courts.

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28
Q

What are the Constitutions of Clarendon?

A

The King’s document that made royal power dominant over pope power.

29
Q

When did Henry make Beckett archbishop?

A

1162

30
Q

Why was it said that Beckett and Henry II were ‘but one heart and mind’?

A

They were very close friends who hunted and drank together and Beckett even brought up Henry’s son in his household.

31
Q

When was Becket exiled to France?

A

1164

32
Q

When did Henry draw up Constitutions of Clarendon?

A

1164

33
Q

Why did Beckett feel insecure when he was made Archbishop?

A

He was not a member of the clergy and the clergy opposed of appointing him.

34
Q

When did Beckett excommunicate Henry’s bishops?

A

1170

35
Q

When did Beckett come back from his exile in France? How soon after this was he killed?

A

1170

A month later he was dead.

36
Q

Who did Henry think should try the Criminous Clerks?

A

Henry wanted to end the Benefit of the Clergy and try criminous Clerks in his royal courts instead of the church courts.

37
Q

Where was Beckett murdered?

A

Canterbury Cathedral

38
Q

Who did Beckett excommunicate?

A

Three of Henry’s bishops

39
Q

How was Beckett murdered?

A

He was struck with a sword in his head by a number of the King’s knights.

40
Q

Which monk recorded the murder of Thomas Beckett?

A

Edward Grim.

41
Q

True or false…Beckett became a martyr on his death and was eventually made a saint by the Pope.

A

True.

42
Q

Who did Henry II want to make sure would be tried in royal courts?

A

The Criminous Clerks.

42
Q

What did Beckett do after disobeying the King’s rules and going to the pope for support behind his back?

A

He exiled to France.

43
Q

What is the Interdict?

A

A law ruled by the Pope that temporarily shuts down the church in a country.

44
Q

What is the Great Council?

A

Great Council – An assembly of church leaders and barons who met with the king to discuss national affairs.

45
Q

What led up to the signing of the Magna Carta?

A

By 1215, the barons had had enough. They believed the way John was ruling the country was unfair and disrespectful to them.

About 40 barons met in Suffolk with Robert Fitzwalter as their leader and decided to march with their armies on London. They didn’t plan to overthrow the king but wanted to force him to negotiate.

John couldn’t raise an army without the support of his nobles so he was forced to negotiate and met the barons on 15 June 1215 at Runnymede near the River Thames.

The barons presented him with a charter listing all their demands. John had no choice but to reluctantly agree to them in return for the barons loyalty.

46
Q

What is a Tyrant?

A

A cruel ruler who rules alone and has absolute power.

47
Q

Who were the group of individuals who were beneath the King in the feudal system?

A

The barons.

48
Q

Give one way in which the Magna Carta affected free men?

A

They were not to be imprisoned without a fair trial by a jury; they couldn’t be seized or imprisoned or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, except by the law of the land.

49
Q

What was the immediate consequence of John’s failure to respect Magna Carta?

A

Civil war with the barons.

50
Q

What did the Great Council eventually become?

A

Parliament.

51
Q

What happened to the Magna Carta after John’s death?

A

It was reissued in the name of John’ son, Henry III

52
Q

What two documents in later history are said to be influenced by Magna Carta?

A

The American Constitution (the Bill of Rights) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948.

53
Q

List two promises included in the Magna Carta.

A

The king must not interfere with the church

Traders must be able to travel freely without having to pay tolls

The advice of the Great Council must be sought before raising taxes

No freeman shall be imprisoned without a fair trial by a jury.

54
Q

How did John justify not having to obey the terms of the Magna Carta?

A

He had the Pope agree that no one could force a monarch to do anything.

55
Q

What kinds of people were not helped by the Magna Carta?

A

The serfs/peasants still had no rights.

56
Q

Why has the charter become such an important document in English history, remaining relevant today?

A

It is seen as foundational document for English democracy and the beginnings of parliament.

57
Q

What is the Bubonic Plague?

A

A type of plague named after the swellings on victims’ bodies

58
Q

What is a Flagellant?

A

Someone who punishes themselves for their sins through self-harm (whipping themselves).

59
Q

What is Miasma?

A

The theory that disease is caused by the spreading smell of a poisonous cloud of ‘foul air’.

60
Q

The Barons force King John to sign the Magna Carta in what year?

A

1215.

61
Q

Henry II is crowned King of England in which year?

A

1154

62
Q

Henry II accidentally orders the murder of Thomas Beckett in which year?

A

1170

63
Q

King John is crowned King of England after the death of his brother Richard in which year?

A

1199

64
Q

The Black Death hits England in which year?

A

1348

65
Q

The Peasants Revolt was in which year?

A

1381

66
Q

War breaks out between the House of Lancaster and the House of Yorkshire, in which year?

A

1459

67
Q

Henry Tudor wins the Battle of Bosworth and is crowned King Henry VII, in which year?

A

1485

History (7 decks)

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