Challenges To Charlses Abritary Gov

Question 1

How was the relationship between Charles and parliment characterised between 25-29

Answer 1

• Early in to his reign charles looked to want little to do with his government and disagreed with them often over their extent of collaboration
• This worried his gov who felt he wanted to establish an absolutist monarch
• Rather, Charles felt parliment was entitled and arrogant

Question 2

Why does Charles call parliment in 25

Answer 2

• to equip a war with Spain- needing about a million.
  -He expected one off payments (subsidies) and his right to Collect tonnage and poundage

Question 3

What was tonnage and poundage

Answer 3

• tax on imports and exports,
• used to support the navy and ensuring trading ships could cross the waters,
• per ‘ton’ of wine and ‘pound’ of products,
• awarded by parliment,
• usually confirmed once at the beginning of a reign

Question 4

What how did parliment respond to charlses call in 25

Answer 4

• parliment granted him one year of t&p and 140,000 (2 subsidies)
• This was not enough to fund his war with Spain

Question 5

Why did parliment give charles insufficient money

Answer 5

• they felt he had a bad Buckingham influenced foreign policy and wanted to show a lack of faith.
• Buckingham was politically over dominant and incompetent and as high admiral would benefit from t&p.
• They felt charlses conduct was inept after the 1624 Mansfield expedition.
• They were frustrated by the allowance of Catholics in the marriage treaty
  -there was a plague outbreak in the summer of 25
• James had allegedly misused the traditional life grant

Question 6

What was the impact of parliment refusing charles money

Answer 6

• Charles ignored parliment for a year and ignored the one year limit on t&p as it attacked his royal perogative
• As well as this it was a striking blow to Buckingham.
• He then asked for a benevolent gift of money repaid by his perogative.
• When this failed in 26 he enforced a forced loan

Question 7

What was the forced loan

Answer 7

• all wealthy would have to contribute to charlses loan, worth 5 subsidies.
• As this meeting to hand over money was so public any refusal was seen as disloyalty and opposition to the king.

Question 8

Direct opposition to the forced loan

Answer 8

-there was a substantial amount of anonymous outrage.
- Thomas scot, attacked in print Buckingham and the king- stating that the king was unworthy and his commands outisde of what was normal of the duty of his people and that the king was evil to defend such wicked subjects it caused a rift between himself and parliment.
- Some of the judges refused to endorse the forced loan.
- Archbishop goerge abbot refused to license a sermon defnding the loan which made it seem the church felt it was the duty of the people to pay.
- 76 gentry refused to pay
-One MP from Kent later recalled paying the loan, but only, he said, ‘to escape imprisonment and death (‘proceedings in parliament’)

Question 9

Outcome of the opposition to the forced loan

Answer 9

• Charles imprisoned 76 gentry who didn’t pay without a specific offense
• 5 knights in 27 called the legal principal of imprisonment without charge (haebeus corpus) and so had to be taken to trial, causing heightened controversy over the principles of the kings loan and his ability to jail opponents in an arbitrary manner

Question 10

What is calvinism

Answer 10

• the central and earliest puritans theology
• based on ideas by John Calvin.
• God predetermined who would follow a god believing path and who wouldn’t on earth.

Question 11

What is Arminianism

Answer 11

Arminianism theology-
- based on ideas by Jacobus Arminius. - - -God gave us free will to choose in our lives to be godly and be saved by god.

Question 12

What is Catholicism

Answer 12

god let’s us ALL be saved but also gives us free will to chose not to be if we wish.

Question 13

Rise and controversy of Arminianism

Answer 13

-Arminianism Protestants didn’t have the same theology and so many felt that they were too close to cstholics and so were misguided or part of a plot toundermine the Church of England and return to Roman Catholicism.
- Arminians were beginning to rise into influential positions within the Church of England in the 1620s
-James himself helped prepare the ground partly because he wanted a counter to the Puritans, whom he hated.
-Thus, by 1617, seven English bishoprics were held by those sympathetic to the Arminians.

Question 14

Religious distribution in parliment

Answer 14

-parliment was majority puritan and at that majority Calvinist.
- They were lead by John Pym.
- There were also arminians and anglicans.
- Arminians appealed to charles as they chimed with div right ideas and liked dignity and order and supported the forced loan whilst calvinists typically did not

Question 15

What was the york house conference

Answer 15

• chaired by the Duke of Buckingham at his London home
• Feb 26
• a theological debate requested by the Puritan Earl of Warwick
• Key Puritan nobles, including Warwick and Buckingham’s rival, the Earl of Pembroke, attended, while Arminians, like Richard Montagu, represented the opposing side.

Question 16

What was the purpose of the york conference

Answer 16

• centered on the religious conflict between Calvinism (predestination), Arminianism (free will), and some similarities between Arminianism and Catholicism.
• Warwick aimed to sway Charles back to Calvinism
• to tackle Montagu’s controversial writings, which highlighted similarities between the Church of England and Catholicism.

Question 17

What was the impact of the york house conference

Answer 17

• conference ended without a resolution over montagus works and the conflict
• Buckingham, not deeply religious himself, supported Arminianism to strengthen his political relationship with King Charles
• solidified Arminianism as a distinct group within the Anglican Church, contributing to ongoing religious tensions.

Question 18

What happened between parliment and montagu and why

Answer 18

-parliment attempted to arrest him in April 26 for his controversial views.
- Puritans felt he spoke badly of them and likened them to Catholics in saying their ideas of predestination was not true to the cofe
- whilst anglicans felt he characterised all of the cofe as leaning too closely towards Catholicism.

Question 19

Impact of montagus controversy in parliment

Answer 19

• This controversy created a rift between the factions in parliament as Montagus doctrine had the kings support.
• parliment thus Parliament indirectly challenged King Charles I
• This Lead The King To Dissolve Parliment

Question 20

Reason for Mansfield expedition 1624

Answer 20

• charlses and Buckingham persuaded James to support.
• Intended to provide support to Frederick- brother in law of Charles who had lost palatinate from the Spainish Hapsburg during the 30 year war.

Question 21

Events of the Mansfield expedition

Answer 21

-England a force controlled by count Mansfield to join the french in fighting the Spanish in palatinate.
- The diplomacy between the two countries proved shaky, leading to insufficient coordination on the battlefield as the french king Louis 8 wanted help first in his battle with the spnaish in the Netherlands.
- When England would not aid, the french refused a safe passage for Mansfield’s men throigj france.
- Thé expedition ended with the men stuck marooned in the United provinces where they died of sickness and starvation.

Question 22

Financing of Cadiz 1625

Answer 22

• paid by the queens dowry of 120k
• parliment displeased with Mansfield and the Catholic concessions in marriage treaty

Question 23

Aim and background of Cadiz 1625

Answer 23

• still in support of Frederick and the 30 year war, Charles sent a fleet to the Spanish port of Cadiz.
• aimed open a war on a second Spain ish front to distract troops from the palatinate

Question 24

Events of Cadiz

Answer 24

-the English did NOT capture a port or any treasure ships stationed there.
-Most soldiers got incredibly drunk on Spanish wine.

Question 25

Impact of cadis

Answer 25

• already angry parliment furious,
• lack of trust for Buckingham as admiral and charlses foreign policy

Question 26

Relationship with france in this period

Answer 26

• england expected france to cooperate due to the common enemy and the marriage treaty.
• louis was very influenced by Richeilieu and so would not act against Spain. They would not join the alliance between the Dutch provinces and England- in fact only Denmark did.
• Richelieu used english loaned ships to attack the Protestant Huguenots at La Rochelle, further straining relations as france ignored the english pleas to recall their ships.
• Also the relationsho with HM and charles was very bad- they argued often and stayed away from eachother.
• In 26 Spain and france agreed a separate peace with eachother.

Question 27

Results of french alliance w Spain and tensions

Answer 27

-in 26 Buckingham was blamed as he was in charge of french negotiations.
-He was furious and decided to effect the removal of Richelieu by making contact with angry french nobles and hugenots.
- They needed funds to do this so charles recalled parliment in Feb

Question 28

Tensions between charlses and parliment in Feb 26

Answer 28

• Parliament blamed the Duke of Buckingham for foreign policy failures, while King Charles I blamed Parliament for inadequate funding for the war effort.
• Charles’s attempts to shift to an anti-French policy to appease MPs failed and angered him

Question 29

Events of Buckinghams impeachment

Answer 29

• Buckingham had previously revived the practice of impeachment but now found himself targeted by it.
• John Eliot and Sir Dudley Digges led the impeachment effort, supported by testimony from the Earl of Bristol,
• he exposed Charles’s concessions to Spanish courtiers in a failed marriage negotiation where he had promised tolerance to cstholics
• Bristol’s evidence in the Lords shifted blame onto Buckingham.

Question 30

Charlses reaction to Buckinghams impeachment

Answer 30

-Charles attempted to counter by charging Bristol with treason.
- Charles imprisoned Eliot and Digges, and implied a threat to Parliament, leading to further accusations of absolutism.
- Charles dissolved the 1626 Parliament to protect Buckingham and preserve his own authority

Question 31

Background of the La Rochelle raids, 1627-8

Answer 31

• Buckingham launched another naval expedition largely self funded w charles in the hope of relieving the Huguenots under attack by Richelieu’s forces at La Rochelle’s.
• England went to war with France amid tensions over attacks on each other’s ships and a new France-Spain alliance.

Question 32

Events of the La Rochelle raids

Answer 32

• Buckingham led an English force to relieve the Huguenots at La Rochelle, but his siege on the fortress of St. Martin failed after months, with a direct assault hampered by inadequate equipment eg ladders.
• Of the 7,833 soldiers sent, only 2,989 returned

Question 33

Impact of the La Rochelle raids

Answer 33

-1/3 of Buckinghams soldiers had died in the four years as admiral.
- There was public frustration that Buckingham survived the costly failure, as his influence over Charles seemed detrimental to England.
- The failed campaign drained Charles’s funds, forcing him to recall Parliament in 1628.

Question 34

Parliamentary issues w Buckingham in 1626

Answer 34

The Cadiz disaster,
his Arminian sympathies,
the open Catholicism of his family
the overbearing nature of his power and influence at court

Question 35

Agreement to the forced loan

Answer 35

-Dr Robert Sibthorpe in February 1627. Took a classic absolutist line he argued, the king was above the la and attacked those who would ‘make the Law above the king, and the people above the law’ (‘Somerville, royalists and patriots p.122’)
- cleric, Roger Maynwaring, gave two sermons extolling royal absolutism in the summer of 1627 Charles agreed with the content and soon the sermons were published, ‘by his majesty’s special command’
-even arminians like laud though this publication was too distasteful but Charles did so anywya