CHALLENGES TO BRITISH RULE 1890-1914

Question 1

examples of challenges to British rule in North Africa from 1890-1914 and describe each challenge in detail (3)

Answer 1

1. denshawai incident of 1906
   - the continued shooting after the british shot the woman and the egyptians retaliated emphasises how it was viewed as an opportunity to challenge British rule and have a reason to remove the british from local towns
2. 1893 - the Egyptian Nationalist Party was revived to amplify demands for Egyptian self government
3. Battle of Omdurman and the Fashoda incident in Sudan in 1898 - French (under marchand) attack at fashoda, and 50,000 tribesmen attacked the British in Omdurman under Abdullah to restore a Khalifa

Question 2

describe the 1906 denshawai incident causes and consequences

Answer 2

causes:
- british pigeon shooting incident, when the british misfired and killed a woman
- this was mainly a revolt of the middle class, given they felt when cromer took power over the ottomans, the khedives and upper classes were those who socially and economically benefitted - chance to amplify discontent to an entrenched class system which was transferred with a change of government

consequences:
- 52 villagers are arrested
- 26 villagers given terms of hard labour when arrested
- increased anti-british nationalistic sentiment
- the british became aware of such bitterness and extended the time in which the suez canal would be returned to the egyptian state - less willing to make concessions in 1909
- entrenched religious divides - idea of the British preferring the Christians over Muslims

Question 3

examples of the British appeasing nationalist activity in North Africa

Answer 3

• Cromer appoints Pasha as his minister for education to ensure that local egyptians are found in government - idea of developing a representative executive
• Kitchner enlarges the Advisory Council of Laws in 1911 and in 1913 establishes the Legislative Assembly with 66 elected members and 17 appointees - a much more enlarged and representative electorate to quell nationalist dislike and bitterness
• in 1906, the British construct Port Sudan and begin the Gezira Scheme in 1911, which becomes one of the worlds largest irrigation schemes

Question 4

examples of the british using repression to control nationalist activity in north africa

Answer 4

• the number of British advisers working in Egypt increased from 100 in 1885 to 1000 in 1905 - if egyptians resisted the advice of a British advisor they would be dismissed
• Baring adds 6000 British troops to egypt to provide military safeguarding to British interests
• Gorst introduces the Press Censorship Act in 1909 and a Relegation Law from when he came into administration in 1907

Question 5

describe the Fashoda incident and the Battle of Omdurman

Answer 5

fashoda:
- a french attempt to capture the fort of fashoda in western sudan, despite the british having access to sudan, given that they controlled egypt

omdurman:
- the Mahdi (muhammad) declared himself leader in 1881, and wanted to remove foreign influence from sudan, which disrupted the status quo of the British in Sudan - he was succeeded by the Khalifa
- the British also launched the expedition due to the death of Gordon
- the British launch an expedition into overriding the influence of the Khalifa
- in september 1898, 50,000 tribesmen attacked the British in Omdurman under Abdullah
- 11,000 Mahdist soliders died

Question 6

examples of challenges to British rule in West Africa and describe these challenges in detail (7)

Answer 6

1. in 1897, Lugard created the West African Frontier Force due to the threat of the french presence in Western Africa - use military means to protect colonies
2. British attempt to introduce local (British) chiefs, but these are rejected by the Nigerian people, who want more local level representation
3. in 1902, the Fulani Emirs challenge British power in Kano, Nigeria - lugard sends 700 British soliders to offset their threats – constant threats between 1902 and 1906 due to their dislike of imperialism
4. King Jaja was allowed to return to Opobo in 1891 after being extradited by the British - challenged power because he refused to trade with British merchants directly and instead would ship palm oil directly to Liverpool - Jaja imposed heavy taxes on palm oil exports - economic challenge to power
5. 1895 - the Nembe of Brass in Akassa attack the port facilities established under Goldie in Niger due to the monopoly he had attained over local palm oil trading and how the Royal Niger Company was excluding local workers
6. the Liverpool Merchant group moved into the territory of the Niger Company after being excluded from the river oil protectorate in 1893 - challenging their sole monopoly status and domination over the economic sphere
7. in 1898, Cardew attempted to introduce the ‘Hut Tax’ in Sierra Leone which was widely opposed by local individuals, leading to the ‘Hut Tax war’

Question 7

describe the causes and consequences of the ‘hut tax war’ of 1898

Answer 7

causes:
- cardew attempts to introduce a hut tax in 1898 in order to consolidate british rule in the newly established territory
- a tax would be imposed depending on the size of the hut
- this posed a significant financial burden on the inhabitants of the area, as labour taxes were also introduced
- 24 local rulers launched a petition, giving it to cardew, yet it was ignored
- Bureh, Jah and Mende chiefs led rebellions in the north and south of Sierra Leone against the policy
- over 500 people were killed and 90 African porters were killed

consequences:
- increasing resentment to british imperial policies introduced in sierra leone
- tarnished the image of Cardew
- challenged power dynamics between the British and local individuals - more power of local individuals over economic policy - challenge equilibrium

Question 8

examples of challenges to British rule in East Africa and describe each in detail (4)

Answer 8

1. Hassan (a Somalian warrior) saw it as his duty to resist British authority and their imperial expansion - he employed over 20,000 forces in 1913 in Dul Madoba
   - he is the opposition to the British and Ethiopians in the Battle of Dul Madoba in 1913
2. Nandi people revolt against the British in 1905, led by Samoei, due to disputes over taxation and the financial burden it was placing on the Nandi people in Kenya
3. Anglo-Zanzibar war of 1896 - the Germans support Bargash to become Sultan, instead of Muhammed (who the British preferred) - challenging the overarching authority of the British in this matter
   - in August 1896, Barghash leads a 3 day uprising about the British choice for the new Sultan
   - forces Khalid and 40 officers to sought refuge
4. in 1921, the Kenyans favoured the creation of a union with South Africa

Question 9

examples of challenges to British rule in South Africa (6)

Answer 9

1. Ndebele wars of 1893-1894 and 1896
   - used over 20,000 soliders to resist Rhode’s British South African Company
2. Second Boer War of 1899-1902
3. establishment of the Afrikaner Bond - an anti-imperialist political party which opposed the occupation of local territory by British missionaries in 1881, but was active mainly from the 1890s
4. 1906 Bambatha rebellion caused by the introduction of the 1906 Natal Act which would introduce a poll tax on Zulus in the Natal region caused extreme discontent against the British and their naivety toward imposing a financial burden on those they ruled
   - was a response to exploitative policies and financial coercion used by the British
5. introduction of the Delagoa Bay railway by Kruger in which exports could be made without touching British colonies, and was linked to Pretoria - aiming to avoid British colonies all the way up to Cairo
6. Kruger encouraging the presence of Uitlanders in South Africa to challenge overarching British power - 44,000 Uitlanders by 1896
7. the failure of the Jameson raid provoked the Matabele and the Mashona people to rebel against Rhodes and capitalists in 1896 - economic challenge to power

Question 10

consequences of the second boer war

Question 11

causes of the second boer war (just bullet point them)

Answer 11

• imperial rivalry
• economic competition
• the personalities involved (ie Milner and Chamberlain)

Question 12

describe the Jameson raid 1896 and its causes

Answer 12

• a response to the Rand Rebellion of the 1894 by Uitlanders against individual rights which were being violated by the Boers
• Kruger was planning a takeover with the assistance of the Germans
• it was an attempted revolution by Jameson on behalf of Rhodes to allow a federation with republicans (to alienate the Boers) and British to be formed - expand capitalist influence
• rhodes wanted a revolution in south africa to make a union between republicans and the british, using an uprising, which he predicted would occur anyway
• an attempt of the British to free Uitlanders from the Boer region of SA, and rise against Kruger due to poor working conditions and a inability to obtain citizenship
• Rhodes expected a rebellion from Uitlanders from foreign mining companies and their workers
• these companies had monopolies over basic goods in Rhodesia
• instead, the Uitlanders refused to rebel, but the british employ 500 troops to spark a rebellion which failed, due to a refusal to rise up
• the attempt failed and instead humiliated the British cause, displaying their lack of decisive power in the region and economic power

Question 13

how did imperial rivalry cause the SBW

Answer 13

• there was a rivalry between the cape and the transvaal in terms of british power in the area and Boer power - idea of a contest of power
• germans refused to concede the Transvaal area to the British, and the British had a fear of german interference, which undermined the position of the British
• British fear that the Transvaal would be given to Germany and would also threaten routes for the British to India
• the Transvaal was becoming a new economic hotspot, which challenged the overarching power of the Cape, of which the British had no power in the Transvaal
• german interference and alliance with the Boers would undermine British power and their ability to gain full power over the Cape
• the occupation of the transvaal was a danger to British supremacy and access to India - the British government felt compelled to support India, because otherwise British security was undermined
• the British also wanted to expand relations with Portugal (ie in Delagoa Bay)
• felt the need to obtain supremacy in South Africa again

Question 14

how did economic competition cause the SBW

Answer 14

• the Transvaal supplied over 25% of gold worldwide - British establish majority control over gold exports
• the British controlled 2/3 of import trading into South Africa - the British wanted to attain economic power over the Transvaal and obtain a monopoly, given that it was now powerful enough to threaten the British colony in the Cape, and would distract from the flourishing British ecosystem in the Cape
• Of the 75 million pounds invested in gold mining, over 50% was invested by the British
• the Transvaal government under Kruger placed charges on British operations in the Transvaal - economic hostilities
• the Transvaal was so economically prosperous that it was challenging wealth in the Cape
• Britain felt a need to defend their commercial stake in southern africa, and justify such intense amounts of investment
• securing south african gold mines would provide Britain with dominance in world markets

Question 15

how did the personalities involved cause the SBW

Answer 15

KRUGER:
- the Transvaal government refused to concede voting rights for Uitlanders and refused to compromise with the British government
- Kruger continued arming the Transvaal
- Kruger passes the Aliens Immigration Law which would further concede rights for Uitlanders (which violated the Pretoria and London convention agreements)

MILNER AND CHAMBERLAIN:
- demanded that Uitlanders be given full citizenship rights in the Transvaal within 5 years, but the British refused to give up their suzerainty and intervention
- in the bloemfontein conference, Kruger demanded 7 years for Uitlanders - milner rejected this
- milner and chamberlain ordered troops to be send into South Africa - Kruger sends a telegram in October demanding their refusal - the British government refuse to respond to this and refused their offer for an international conference
- milner and chamberlain underestimated the willingness of the Transvaal government to fight
- Landsdowne (the sec of state for war) did not accept the actions of Milner and Chamberlain on taking aggressive action
- Chamberlain (without support from the Cabinet) sent troops into Natal
- Chamberlain forced actions which further provoked hostilities in the Transvaal in order to distract from the inquiry into the Jameson Raid which was starting in Parliament
- British attempt to repeal the Aliens immigration law to further expand Uitlander rights, despite failing with the Uitlanders and having no control over them
- milner and chamberlain felt obliged to have some form of diplomatic success and to act forcibly todo so (and to obtain political support)
- there was a divided cabinet, in that most cabinet members did not support interventionist ideas, as they felt it was too provokative
- because of the british refusing to give up their intervention, they bring troops into the Natal

Question 16

examples of challenges to power in India from 1890-1914

Answer 16

1. 1905 - Swadhesi movement - over 150,000 pieces of Lancashire cotton were burnt, and there was a 40% decline in cotton production, 25% decline in production of cloth
2. attempted assassinations
   - Curzon Wylie in 1909
   - lord Hardringe in 1912
   - 1908 = Douglas Kingsford - Tilak uses the Kaal newspaper to support them
3. Vivekananda publishes the ‘triumph of indian spirituality’ in 1893 after the Shivaji festivals
4. protests after the partition of Bengal in 1905 (eventually reunited in 1911) - sparked the Shivaji movement and triggered the All India Muslim league to be established in 1906 - idea of uniting against the British and using collective power to undermine British imperialism

Question 17

what was the impact of the jameson raid

Answer 17

• expansive power of the Boers in comparison to the British
• increases the power of Kruger and strengthens the alliance between the Germans and the Boers - telegram congratulations from the Kaiser to Kruger
• 1897, the Orange Free State creates an alliance with the Transvaal, and they begin arming against the British (military alliance)
• Kruger becomes more resistant to proposals made by the British, given they know the power the Boers have over the British
• the raid justified any suspicions the republicans in the transvaal had over the British
• made war an inevitable outcome
• less capitalist influence in south africa - power was restored to the local people working there
• diplomatic pressures of the British to reinforce their power in south africa, despite increasing resistance to imperialism
• the british government want to disassociate themselves from Rhodes
• sparked aims in the transvaal for independence, which germany promised to help plot
• British panic that they would lose everything in South Africa - induced fear
• British become desperate to control the Transvaal due to a need to prove their capabilities
• government in the transvaal actively oppose the British in a speech - erodes their legitimacy / power

Question 18

statistics about the second boer war

Answer 18

• the British spend $230 million on the war, despite only wanting to spend XXX
• by the end of the war, over 110,000 people were living in concentration camps established by the British
• the British employed over 400,000 troops

Question 19

describe challenges to British power and nationalist actions by Tilak and Gokhale

Answer 19

Tilak:
- Tilak creates the Kesari newspaper and joins it with Kaal in 1898, becoming known as the ‘father of Indian unrest’
- promotes the Swadhesi movement, in which his speeches attain crowds of over 25,000 people
- in 1894, he promoted the use of indian festivals to promote local culture, such as Shivaji festivals

Gokhale:
- in 1907, Gokhale promoted Indian self government at the Surat meeting
- Gokhale was a key voice in the 1909 morley minto reforms which encouraged a decentralisation of power, and more involvement of local indians in politics
- founded the Servants of India Society in 1905

Question 20

list the organisations established from 1890-1914 which challenged British power, and the date they were established (6)

Answer 20

1. 1905 establishment of the Indian Home Rule Society
2. All Indian Muslim League in 1906
3. 1903 - Young India Association by Savakar
4. 1905 - Servants of India Society
5. 1908 - the Indian Sociologist newspaper is established
6. 1898 - the Kaal newspaper is established

*the INC began to dislike its origins of supporting the British in 1885

Question 21

describe the challenges to power in China from 1890-1914, and describe the event in detail

Answer 21

1899-1901 - Boxer rebellion
- over 100,000 people died,
- the Boxers were a local anti-imperialist group who wanted to remove European influence from China due to local humiliation, and thought they were immune to local ammunition
- the flooding of the yellow river and other events which undermined local control encouraged the Boxers to revolt against imperial forces
- the government and the boxers work together to overthrow foreign, imperialist influences
- European troops in the diplomatic compound are killed, but the Chinese imperial court / emperor flee the city
- the event only tightens British control and foreign influence in China, as foreign troops are now stationed in beijing

Question 22

what was the impact of / what did they declare
1. the pretoria convention of 1881
2. the london convention 1884
3. the bloemfontein conference of 1899

Answer 22

pretoria:
- peace treaty which ended the FBW
- it restored self government to the Transvaal

london:
- the Transvaal would not need permission from the British to form an alliance with the Orange Free State
- stipulated that any other treaty would require the approval of the British that the Transvaal decides to create

bloemfontein:
- the conference whereby Kruger refuses to provide citizenship rights to Uitlanders in 5 years, extending it to 7 years
- in response, the British begin to mobilise for war
- Kruger issues an ultimatum to the British, warning them to stand down, but they refuse

Question 23

how did social dynamics start the second boer war

Answer 23

• the arrival of over 44,000 uitlanders by 1896 challenged the dynamic and is an example of the british directly infringing on self government territory under the transvaal
• the transvaal government actively discriminated against the Uitlanders, causing the British to feel the need to defend them
• the governments were clashing over protecting independent rights and economic efficiency
• these deep and engrained hostilities further provoked violent action, because the government did not want to deal with this anymore

Question 24

when was gold discovered in the Rand region

Answer 24

1886