Challenges At Home Amd Abroad Flashcards
What are the four causes of the revolt of the northern Earls
Religion
Politics
Mary Queen of Scots
Individuals
Why was religion a cause of the revolt of the northern earls
The North of England had generally remained Catholic and the earls and their followers wanted
Catholicism restored across the country.
Elizabeth’s religious settlement of 1559 was an attempt at finding a compromise that would establish a form of Protestantism that Catholics could accept.
She didn’t want to persecute Catholics but she was hoping that their religion would die out in England eventually
James Pilkington, a new Protestant archbishop of Durham was appointed in 1561 – his attempts to impose Protestantism in the North of England was very unpopular and many northerners turned against him and the new religion
Why was politics a cause of the revolt of the northern earls
Under Mary I, many northern earls had a lot of influence at court and locally.
The northern earls resented the increased influence of the newcomers in Elizabeth’s court such as William Cecil, Robert Dudley and Sir John Forster. Forster was given the responsibility of looking after the Scottish border.
Why was Mary Queen of Scots a cause of the revolt of the northern earls
Elizabeth refused to name and heir or marry and have a child which created uncertainty about England’s future
Mary, Queen of Scots had a strong claim to the throne and the revolt began as a wider conspiracy for her to marry the Duke of Norfolk.
Who were the individuals that cause the revolt of the northern earls
Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland – Catholic, had an important position under Mary I but lost his influence under Elizabeth. He’d also lost the rights to a valuable copper mine found on his lands. His wife Anne was also key in encouraging the rebellion
Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk – Protestant but from an ancient noble family, he disliked the newcomers such as William Cecil – part of the plan was for him to marry Mary Queen of Scots.
Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland – Norfolk’s brother in law, he was from an important Catholic
family in the North of England.
What was the plan for the revolt of the northern earls
Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland would raise an army and take control of Durham and would then march south to join the Duke of Norfolk’s forces
Several thousand Spanish troops would land in Hartlepool to support the rebels
Duke of Norfolk and the rebel forces would seize control of London and overthrow Elizabeth
Mary Queen of Scots would be freed, married to the Duke Norfolk and placed on the throne
What were the main events of the revolt of the northern Earls
November 1659 – earls of Northumberland and Westmorland led a rebellion against Elizabeth called the Revolt of the Northern Earls.
Took Durham Cathedral and celebrated a full Catholic mass
What was the significance of the revolt of the northern earls
First and most serious rebellious act by Catholics against Elizabeth
Treason laws became harsher
Power and influence of Northern
Earls ended
Prompted harsher treatments
against Catholics
Pope Pius VI excommunicated
Elizabeth
Who and what was the plan in the Ridolfi Plot 1571
Robert Ridolfi, Italian banker, one of the Pope’s spies.
Murder Elizabeth, Spanish invasion, Mary QoS on the throne
What was the event of the Ridolfi Plot 1571
Ridolfi, Phillip II and Duke of Alba plan invasion with help of Duke of Norfolk
Cecil intercepted letter – Norfolk executed, Mary spared
What was the result/significance of the Ridolfi Plot 1571
Plot reinforced threat posed by Mary and by Spain
Elizabeth tried to improve relations with France
Who and what was the plan in the Throckmorton Plot 1583
Duke of Guise, Mary’s cousin, to invade and overthrow Elizabeth.
Francis Throckmorton acted as go-between
What was the event of the Throckmorton Plot 1583
Walsingham uncovered the plot.
Papers found at Throckmorton’s house and he was tortured and executed in 1584
What was the result/significance of the Throckmorton Plot 1583
Again reinforced threat from Spain and Mary (and potentially France)
List of Catholic sympathisers concerned Elizabeth.
More harsher laws against Catholics
Who and what was the plan in the Babington Plot 1586
Duke of Guise would again invade, Catholics encouraged to rebel.
Anthony Babington wrote to Mary about the plot.
What was the event of the Babington Plot 1586
Walsingham intercepted the letters and deciphered the codes within them.
Babington and accomplices executed,
What was the result/significance of the Babington Plot 1586
Elizabeth’s government became determined to crush Catholicism.
Mary finally tried by the Privy Council and sentenced to death
Mary executed in February 1587
Why was Mary Queen of Scots eventually executed
Act for the Preservation of the Queen’s Safety barred Mary from the succession and allowed for her to be put on trial
Walsingham had provided clear evidence that she was involved in plotting against Elizabeth
Rumours of an imminent attack from Spain reinforced the threat that Mary posed.
What was the impact on Elizabeth as a result of Mary Queen of Scots execution
she was very upset by the execution but it shows her new harsh treatment of Catholics. An important threat removed.
What was the impact on English Catholics as a result of Mary Queen of Scots execution
angered by the execution, they have now lost their hope of Catholic monarch
What was the impact on relationship with Spainas a result of Mary Queen of Scots execution
already bad, made even worse by the execution. Gives Phillip II one more reason to want to remove Elizabeth
What was the political and religious rivalry which impacted the relationship with Spain
Elizabeth refused Phillip II’s offer of marriage when she came to the throne.
Phillip also saw himself as the leading Catholic monarch Elizabeth’s support for Protestants and treatment of Catholics (eg Mary Queen of Scots) created big problems between England and Spain.
English support for the Dutch Rebels was also a significant factor
What was the commercial rivalry which impacted the relationship with Spain
Many English merchants directly challenged Spain’s dominance of the New World (America).
Many even attacked Spanish ships and ports.
Francis Drake was the most famous privateer who stole large amounts from Spain.
What is the raid on Cadiz- April 1587
In 1587, Francis Drake was ordered to attack the Spanish Navy. He sailed his fleet into Cadiz Harbour on 19 April and over the course of three days destroyed 30 Spanish ships and a great deal of the fleet’s provisions and supplies – this audacious attack on Cadiz
became known as the ‘singeing of the King of Spain’s beard’.
it delayed the attack so bought the English more time to prepare.
What are the reasons for the defeat of the Spanish armada
English Galleons (quicker, able to carry guns more efficiently)
English cannons be reloaded more quickly on these ships
Spanish supplies (poor quality cannon balls, rotting food etc.) Unreliable communications between Spanish (Medina-Sidonia and Parma)
English tactics – 6x more firepower, fireships created panic in Spanish
What are the consequences of the Spanish Amada is defeat
“God blew, and they were scattered” medal showed the importance of the religious victory
Dutch rebels were encouraged to renew their fight
Showed strength and skill of the English navy
Defeat cost Spain very dearly, financially and politically and marked the beginning of a decline in fortune
