challenge in the human environment (definitions) Flashcards
push factor
motivates people to leave a place
pull factor
motivates people to go to a city for better opportunities
urbanisation
the increasing percentage of population who live in towns and cities
natural increase
when the birth rate is higher than the death rate which causes rapid population increase
dereliction
abandoned buildings and wastelands
urban deprivation
when standards of living and access to services are lower than normal
deindustrialization
decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and overseas competition
megacity
a city with a population of over 10 million people
Counter urbanisation
people moving from urban areas (city) to rural areas (countryside)
urban sprawl
the unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside
commuter settlement
people move out of the town or city altogether and commute to work
waste disposal
city’s population increases, more waste produced but less space to store it
urban regeneration
redevelopment of urban areas to improve physical environment and quality of life for residents
rural-urban fringe
a zone of transition on the edge of the city between the built up area and the countryside.
economic opportunities
chances for people to improve their standard of living through jobs and employment.
social opportunities
chances for people to improve their quality of life, includes access to education and healthcare.
social deprivation
the degree to which people are deprived of services, decent housing, adequate income and local employment.
pollution
chemicals, noise, dirt and other substances which poison the environment.
waste recycling
process of extracting and reusing useful substances found in waste.
Traffic congestion
occurs when there is too great a volume of traffic for roads to cope with so traffic jams and traffic slows to a crawl.
Brownfield
building, better for environment but cost more.
Brownfield sites need to be cleared because of radiation caused by factories and power plants.
Greenfield
building on Greenfield sites destroys habitats
integrated transport systems
when different transport methods connect together which makes travelling smoother.
better integration should result in more demand for public transport and reduce private car use.
urban greening
process of increasing and preserving open spaces (public parks).
rural- urban migration
the movement of people from the countryside into cities.
push- social
poor services
lack of education
poor medical help
pull- social
food
better services
better healthcare
push- economic
unemployment
hazardous working conditions
poor pay
pull- economic
quality of life
job opportunities
good pay
push- political
war
persecution
pull- political
democracy
freedom
describe distribution of mega cities
most in Asia
10million people
megacity
1 million people
millionaire city
more than X percent of world ‘s population lives in urban areas
50%
rapid urbanisation in LICs and NEEs is fuelled by
natural increase
rural- urban migration
informal sector
part of an economy that isn’t taxed or monitored by government.
activities of informal economy, not included in GDP of a country
population density
measurement of number of people in an area.
calculated by dividing the number of people and in an area.
liverpool facts
city in northwest England in county Lancashire
lies on north banks of River Mersey
location advantage
allows to export goods and culture
makes a gateway between uk and rest of the world
national migration in liverpool
welsh migrants arrived in 1700-1800 attracted by developing industry. (1813- 10% welsh)
ireland famine 1845-1850, 2 million irish migrants. (20% irish)
75% of liverpudlians have irish ancestory
international migration in liverpool
ships arrive from around world bc docks built, 1715
home to first even china town in 1800
ethnic diverse city, 1 in 8 people from ethnic background
challenges caused by urban change in Liverpool
urban deprivation
waste disposal
dereliction
education and employment
unhealthy lifestyle
housing inequality
brownfield vs greenfield
housing inequality
regeneration increased inequality
wealthier areas have better healthcare and education
too expensive
urban deprivation
industrial decline left areas most deprived in country
(Anfeild, Toxteth)
unhealthy lifestyle
drinking, smoking and poor diet is more comment in deprived areas
(Knowsley life expectancy 15 years lower than average)
social and economic opportunities
- cultural mixing
- recreation and entertainment
- employment
- integrated transport
cultural mixing
ethnic diversity has brought a range of foods, festivals and cultural experiences to city.
attracts tourists
recreation and entertainment
famous places in liverpool been regenerated to attract tourists and income.
Albert Dock and Echo Arena
£1 billion spent on regeneration city to increase tourist attraction
integrated transport
all travel networks connected
prepaid cards can be used all across networks
makes easier to get around city
encourages public transport use
employment
tourism and sectors off total of 160000 jobs
development of Baltic Triangle turned derelict areas into spaces for creative industries
environmental opportunities
cycle/pedestrian routes
urban greening
cycle/pedestrian routes
encourages people to get out of cars and help to reduce gas emissions
regeneration in liverpool
Liverpool ONE
other projects
why needed?
Liverpool ONE
- £1 billion investment
phase 1 opened may 2008 - 2004 purchase of land, archeological digs
- paradisest project rebranded in 2005
- 160 stores, 600 residential units
why is regeneration in liverpool needed?
1970s 50000 jobs lost
deindustrialization suffered badly
national image was poor in 1980s (rioting)
mass poverty
result of joining EU in 1973 countries uk traded with changed
sustainability
actions that meet the needs of the present without reducing the ability of future generations to meet their needs
sustainable urban strategies
- reduce waste in water sources (rivers)
- conserve culture history environments
- use brownfield now green field
- recycle and conserve water
reduce fossil fuels
traffic congestion
- increases CO2 emissions lead to poor air quality
- increases heath and breathing problems
- causes death
- buildings become less attractive, dirty
