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Psych exam 2 > chachapter 15: health psychology > Flashcards

chachapter 15: health psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

define allostatic load

A

chronic stress that results in chronic physiological arousal which can cause severe damage to the body

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1
Q

where is the stress hormone cortisol released from?

A

adrenal cortex

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2
Q

what is health psychology

A

explores biological, psychological, and social/environmental factors that influence physical health

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3
Q

1900 vs 2015 causes of death

A

1900: CVD, influenza/pneumonia, tuberculosis, colitis, accidents
2015: HR disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases, accidents, cerebrovascular disease

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4
Q

direct and indirect impact of pessimistic outlook

A

direct: hyper-arousal of fight or flight response
indirect: reducing positive coping and healthy behaviors

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5
Q

avoidance coping

A

harmful to health - idea of you denying what you are currently facing

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6
Q

how do online health communities impact people

A

why to talk about negative emotions and provides social support while reducing barriers

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7
Q

how does writing improve health

A

way to discuss trauma and studies found positive immune system markers in blood of those who wrote about their trauma compared to those who did not - helps people understand and find meaning in their life events

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8
Q

female response to stress

A

usually respond to threat in way termed tend and befriend. Women neurobiological response to stress releases oxytocin which is associated with seeking out and caring for others

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9
Q

males response to stress

A

less likely to seek others and usually have a smaller social group compared to women. so less opportunity to benefit from positive health effects of social support

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10
Q

female and male differences of physiological response to stress in marriage

A

women usually experience more physiological reaction compared to men in marital conflict. If the relationship is positive then women can benefit physiologically - women feel more financially secured and more emotionally attuned so feel conflict usually first

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11
Q

cultural differences in coping

A

asian Americans desire a more subtle way of asking for social support - this could be just hanging out with loved ones compared to European who explicitly asked for help. Very dependent on cultural norms

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12
Q

psych disorders and physical health

A

links between include: shared genetic causes, medical disorders contributing to psych disorder OR psych disorder contributing to medical disorders

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13
Q

define neuroticism

A

personality trait characterized by hyperactivity to stress and poor coping skills

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14
Q

innate vs specific immune system

A

innate: quick reaction that is nonspecific to pathogen. body releases cells to kill and ingest invaders
specific: slower and tailor to specific invader and remembers for later it can kill quicker and more efficiently

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15
Q

stress and the gut

A

chronic stress can impact the HPA axis which impacts the gut microbiota and brain function.
-gut cells impact the maturation and function of immune cells and activation of peripheral immune cells which regulate neuro-inflammation, brain injury, autoimmunity, and neurogenesis

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16
Q

how many people worldwide have HIV

A

35 million

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17
Q

HIV to AIDs

A

when disease symptoms become deadly usually term virus as aids. we now have drugs to help suppress virus but will not eliminate it

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18
Q

aging with HIV/aids

A

can be difficult from the psychosocial perspective. These individuals sometimes have difficulty following medications and feel social stigma, depression, LGBTQI+ status. Possible direct correlation of hiding one’s identity and health

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19
Q

characteristics of stress and HIV/aids

A
  • young adults who were HIV positive and experienced a stressful life event for 3x more likely to show immune system declines
    -history of trauma more likely to increase virus symptoms
    -negative pessimistic outlook causes a greater decline in immune system
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20
Q

what percentage of all US deaths are due to CHD (coronary heart disease)

A

25%. also a chronic disease that 15 million Americans live with

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21
Q

what causes hypertension

A

blood being pushed too forcefully by heart through vessels or constriction of vessel walls.

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22
Q

how many individuals in the US have hypertensions

A

1/3

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23
Q

what is essential hypertension

A

cause of hypertension is unknown - accounts for 90% of cases

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24
Q

relationship between stress and hypertension

A

in stressful situations you are causing fight or flight response more often. if you have genetic history of hypertension you may have heightened physiological reactivity to stress.

25
Q

what is type A behavior pattern and its link with CHD

A

type a: sense of urgency, easily aroused hostility, and competitive. these individuals are constantly putting pressure on themselves to do more and can be chronically hostile. linked with increased CHD risk

26
Q

specific link of hostility and CHD

A

cynical hostility: prone to frequent anger, resentful, suspicious, and distrustful - from physiological SNS (fight or flight response) have more catecholamine (stress-related biochemical)

27
Q

sex correlation to CHD

A

men more likely usually than women to have additional risk factors for CHD: hypertension, smoking, and elevated cholesterol. but recently women have increased in CHD and can be just has hostile as men but dont express it the same and is a risk factor whether expressed or repressed.

28
Q

personality types: B, C, and D

A

B: more relaxed and able to adjust to new environments and situations easily. they achieve goals in a healthy manor
C: possible risk with cancer. individuals have impaired self-esteem, abnormal emotional expression, disordered self-image
D: inhibit emotions and behaviors around others (social inhibition) and feel anxiety, irritability, and dysphoria (negative affectivity) linked with higher susceptibility of HR attack, CVD, and high BP

29
Q

modifying hostility and improved CV functioning

A

taught behavioral: express themselves without exploding, and lower eating and talk hurriedly or interrupting others.
cognition: overcome time urgency, re-evaluate beliefs of success depends on quantity of work produced (ex.) all lessened the odds of individual experiencing 2nd HR attack

30
Q

depression and CHD

A

50 % of those with CHD have some depressive symptoms.
-blocked arteries in CHD can lead to lower 02 being sent to the brain can attribute to mood changes and depression.
-possible deficiency of omega 3 in both depression and CHD
- those with depression are more likely to participated in negative risk factor activity (low exercise, fatty diet) for CHD

31
Q

guided mastery techniques to improve health-related behaviors

A

provide info on how to engage in safe health related behaviors with cultural norms in mind and the ways to do so when situations get challenging and when to remove yourself from situation instead of trying to make it safer

32
Q

internet-based health interventions

A

have the ability to bring info the people who may not be able to access it in-person
-usually related to dieting and exercising
-one company ran pilot program where they offered fitness and nutrition coaches to employees and found most lost 4-5 pounds during trial

33
Q

sleep and health

A

very adverse effects when you do not get enough sleep. most accidents can be attributed to sleep deprivation.
- acquire a sleep debt
- the more stress someone experiences the shorter and worse quality of sleep they usually have

34
Q

what is the sleep pattern?

A

alpha waves: when you close your eyes and begin relaxing have a regular electrical pattern
- stage 1: waves become less regular and lower amplitude
-stage 2: short runs of high frequency activity with possible sharp rise and fall of EEG
-stage 3 and 4: delta waves of slow electrical waves around 1-2 hertz
-REM: usually occurs 4-5 times during 8 hr sleep cycle

35
Q

how sleep cycles differ with age

A

newborns spend almost 50% of time sleeping in REM
-drops to 20-25% by age 5 and remains fairly constant till old.
-when old spend around 18% in REM and less time in stage 3 and 4 while being awake more often during night

36
Q

what is substance-induced sleep disorder

A

sleep issues from illicit drugs, alcohol, or prescription drugs

37
Q

what is insomnia

A

chronic issues with falling asleep, staying asleep, or do not feel alter or energetic after sleeping
-episodic: when insomnia occurs but for a short amount of time and usually tied to specific stressor
- 1.71 x higher odds of having insomnia if you are a healthcare worker

38
Q

insomnia and stress

A

stress -> increases psychological and physical activation with dysregulation of HPA axis that can result in sleep disorders
- possible link with inflammation, genetic factors, dysregulation of circadian rhythm

39
Q

definition for insomnia

A

insomnia symptoms at least 3 nights per week for 3 months resulting in significant distress or impairment - impacts 10-15 % of adults is more frequent in women and older adults than younger

40
Q

influence of body temperature rhythms

A

minimum temp usually around 4-6am so it is easiest to fall asleep 5-6 hrs before this and awake 1-3 hrs after
-can become conditioned to be awake in bed when you cannot fall asleep during these times and lay awake

41
Q

ways to help insomnia

A

may have CBT and sleep restriction therapy where they are given times they are allowed to sleep and are not along to hang out in bed.
- most effective meds but become addictive: benzodiazepines and zolpidem
- better odds with CBT than meds because when you stop meds insomnia can come back and even be worse

42
Q

define hypersomnolence disorder

A
  • usually more prevalent in those with mood disorders
  • have excessive sleepiness and non-stimulating environments will fall asleep
    -3 times per week for at least 3 months that cause significant distress or impairment in functioning
43
Q

define narcolepsy

A

recurrent attacks of unstoppable need for sleep, lapses into sleep, and naps within 1 day. usually enter REM within minutes
- may experience cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone lasting under 2 minutes , may suddenly drop objects or themselves to the ground)
-those with cataplexy narcolepsy usually lack hypocretin in the hypothalamus that promotes wakefulness
- possible low histamine which also promotes wakefulness

44
Q

treatment options for hypersomnia and narcolepsy

A

stimulant modafinil, amphetamines, or sodium oxybate

45
Q

what are the three sleep breathing disorders

A
  1. central sleep apnea: brain does not sent signal to respiratory system to breath and stop breathing for 20 sec or more but do not feel tired when awake (5+ per hour of sleep)
  2. sleep related hypoventilation: periods of low breathing from high CO2 levels
  3. obstructive sleep apnea: snore, silent from no breathing, and gasp for air:
    - sever: greater than 30
    -moderate: 15-30
    mild: less than 15
46
Q

characteristics of sleep apnea (obstructive sleep apnea)

A

airflow stopped due to narrow airway could be associated with obesity, hypertension, and diabetes or tonsillitis that cause inflammation 9-38% worldwide

47
Q

circadian rhythm

A

driven by hypothalamus mechanism called superchiasmatic and can have dysfunction of this system. Five types:
1. delayed sleep phase
2. advanced sleep phase
3. irregular sleep-wake
4. non-24hr
5. shift-work

48
Q

delayed sleep phase type

A

trouble falling asleep and problem waking up early. can be a problem for adolescents for a period who want to stay up late and sleep in. most common circadian rhythm diagnosed

49
Q

advanced sleep phase type

A

ability to fall asleep but wake up 2 or more hours before you want to. early morning insomnia and excessive sleepiness during the day. will show this with biomarkers of melatonin and core body temperature

50
Q

irregular sleep wake type

A

no set sleep-wake rhythm, usually fragmented sleep broken into at least 3 parts per 24 hrs. they have insomnia at night but very sleepy during the day, associated with neurological disorders

51
Q

non 24hr type

A

free running sleep wake cycle. can be awake at night and sleep during the day. correlates with deficits in cognition and functioning

52
Q

shift work type

A

working rotating shifts or irregular hours. try finding bright light to change circadian rhythm and reduce sleepiness. easier to go to bed later than earlier.

53
Q

disorders of arousal

A

recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep that mix wakefulness and NREM: sleep terrors, sleepwalking, and confusional arousals

54
Q

sleep terrors

A

usually seen in kids where they look awake, scared, and screaming but they are actually sleeping - usually do not fully awake and go back to a deep sleep

55
Q

when do night terrors usually occur

A

first 3 hrs of sleeping during stage 3-4. usually occur in 1-6.5% of children

56
Q

sleepwalking disorder

A

15-30 % of kids have experienced at least once. happens during NREM can respond to people but not hold conversation. can be difficult to awake

57
Q

confusional arousals

A

common in adults and can involve foggy thinking, slow speech, disorientation usually caused when someone awakes them.

58
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder

A

become violent and thrashing around and can remember vivid dreams of either someone hurting them or loved one usually. high percentage develop neurodegenerative diseases. have abnormality in dopamine functioning. usually use clonazepam

59
Q

nightmare disorders

A

common in those who recently experienced trauma. for diagnosis must be frequent enough to cause distress or impairment in functioning. can have exposure-based treatment to desensitize to nightmare. could try prazosin (SANS) usually related to PTSD

60
Q
A

Psych exam 2 (4 decks)

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