Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psych exam 2 > chachapter 15: health psychology > Flashcards

chachapter 15: health psychology Flashcards

1
Q

define allostatic load

A

chronic stress that results in chronic physiological arousal which can cause severe damage to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

where is the stress hormone cortisol released from?

A

adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is health psychology

A

explores biological, psychological, and social/environmental factors that influence physical health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

1900 vs 2015 causes of death

A

1900: CVD, influenza/pneumonia, tuberculosis, colitis, accidents
2015: HR disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases, accidents, cerebrovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

direct and indirect impact of pessimistic outlook

A

direct: hyper-arousal of fight or flight response
indirect: reducing positive coping and healthy behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

avoidance coping

A

harmful to health - idea of you denying what you are currently facing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do online health communities impact people

A

why to talk about negative emotions and provides social support while reducing barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does writing improve health

A

way to discuss trauma and studies found positive immune system markers in blood of those who wrote about their trauma compared to those who did not - helps people understand and find meaning in their life events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

female response to stress

A

usually respond to threat in way termed tend and befriend. Women neurobiological response to stress releases oxytocin which is associated with seeking out and caring for others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

males response to stress

A

less likely to seek others and usually have a smaller social group compared to women. so less opportunity to benefit from positive health effects of social support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

female and male differences of physiological response to stress in marriage

A

women usually experience more physiological reaction compared to men in marital conflict. If the relationship is positive then women can benefit physiologically - women feel more financially secured and more emotionally attuned so feel conflict usually first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cultural differences in coping

A

asian Americans desire a more subtle way of asking for social support - this could be just hanging out with loved ones compared to European who explicitly asked for help. Very dependent on cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

psych disorders and physical health

A

links between include: shared genetic causes, medical disorders contributing to psych disorder OR psych disorder contributing to medical disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define neuroticism

A

personality trait characterized by hyperactivity to stress and poor coping skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

innate vs specific immune system

A

innate: quick reaction that is nonspecific to pathogen. body releases cells to kill and ingest invaders
specific: slower and tailor to specific invader and remembers for later it can kill quicker and more efficiently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

stress and the gut

A

chronic stress can impact the HPA axis which impacts the gut microbiota and brain function.
-gut cells impact the maturation and function of immune cells and activation of peripheral immune cells which regulate neuro-inflammation, brain injury, autoimmunity, and neurogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how many people worldwide have HIV

A

35 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

HIV to AIDs

A

when disease symptoms become deadly usually term virus as aids. we now have drugs to help suppress virus but will not eliminate it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

aging with HIV/aids

A

can be difficult from the psychosocial perspective. These individuals sometimes have difficulty following medications and feel social stigma, depression, LGBTQI+ status. Possible direct correlation of hiding one’s identity and health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

characteristics of stress and HIV/aids

A
  • young adults who were HIV positive and experienced a stressful life event for 3x more likely to show immune system declines
    -history of trauma more likely to increase virus symptoms
    -negative pessimistic outlook causes a greater decline in immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what percentage of all US deaths are due to CHD (coronary heart disease)

A

25%. also a chronic disease that 15 million Americans live with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what causes hypertension

A

blood being pushed too forcefully by heart through vessels or constriction of vessel walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how many individuals in the US have hypertensions

A

1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is essential hypertension

A

cause of hypertension is unknown - accounts for 90% of cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
relationship between stress and hypertension
in stressful situations you are causing fight or flight response more often. if you have genetic history of hypertension you may have heightened physiological reactivity to stress.
25
what is type A behavior pattern and its link with CHD
type a: sense of urgency, easily aroused hostility, and competitive. these individuals are constantly putting pressure on themselves to do more and can be chronically hostile. linked with increased CHD risk
26
specific link of hostility and CHD
cynical hostility: prone to frequent anger, resentful, suspicious, and distrustful - from physiological SNS (fight or flight response) have more catecholamine (stress-related biochemical)
27
sex correlation to CHD
men more likely usually than women to have additional risk factors for CHD: hypertension, smoking, and elevated cholesterol. but recently women have increased in CHD and can be just has hostile as men but dont express it the same and is a risk factor whether expressed or repressed.
28
personality types: B, C, and D
B: more relaxed and able to adjust to new environments and situations easily. they achieve goals in a healthy manor C: possible risk with cancer. individuals have impaired self-esteem, abnormal emotional expression, disordered self-image D: inhibit emotions and behaviors around others (social inhibition) and feel anxiety, irritability, and dysphoria (negative affectivity) linked with higher susceptibility of HR attack, CVD, and high BP
29
modifying hostility and improved CV functioning
taught behavioral: express themselves without exploding, and lower eating and talk hurriedly or interrupting others. cognition: overcome time urgency, re-evaluate beliefs of success depends on quantity of work produced (ex.) all lessened the odds of individual experiencing 2nd HR attack
30
depression and CHD
50 % of those with CHD have some depressive symptoms. -blocked arteries in CHD can lead to lower 02 being sent to the brain can attribute to mood changes and depression. -possible deficiency of omega 3 in both depression and CHD - those with depression are more likely to participated in negative risk factor activity (low exercise, fatty diet) for CHD
31
guided mastery techniques to improve health-related behaviors
provide info on how to engage in safe health related behaviors with cultural norms in mind and the ways to do so when situations get challenging and when to remove yourself from situation instead of trying to make it safer
32
internet-based health interventions
have the ability to bring info the people who may not be able to access it in-person -usually related to dieting and exercising -one company ran pilot program where they offered fitness and nutrition coaches to employees and found most lost 4-5 pounds during trial
33
sleep and health
very adverse effects when you do not get enough sleep. most accidents can be attributed to sleep deprivation. - acquire a sleep debt - the more stress someone experiences the shorter and worse quality of sleep they usually have
34
what is the sleep pattern?
alpha waves: when you close your eyes and begin relaxing have a regular electrical pattern - stage 1: waves become less regular and lower amplitude -stage 2: short runs of high frequency activity with possible sharp rise and fall of EEG -stage 3 and 4: delta waves of slow electrical waves around 1-2 hertz -REM: usually occurs 4-5 times during 8 hr sleep cycle
35
how sleep cycles differ with age
newborns spend almost 50% of time sleeping in REM -drops to 20-25% by age 5 and remains fairly constant till old. -when old spend around 18% in REM and less time in stage 3 and 4 while being awake more often during night
36
what is substance-induced sleep disorder
sleep issues from illicit drugs, alcohol, or prescription drugs
37
what is insomnia
chronic issues with falling asleep, staying asleep, or do not feel alter or energetic after sleeping -episodic: when insomnia occurs but for a short amount of time and usually tied to specific stressor - 1.71 x higher odds of having insomnia if you are a healthcare worker
38
insomnia and stress
stress -> increases psychological and physical activation with dysregulation of HPA axis that can result in sleep disorders - possible link with inflammation, genetic factors, dysregulation of circadian rhythm
39
definition for insomnia
insomnia symptoms at least 3 nights per week for 3 months resulting in significant distress or impairment - impacts 10-15 % of adults is more frequent in women and older adults than younger
40
influence of body temperature rhythms
minimum temp usually around 4-6am so it is easiest to fall asleep 5-6 hrs before this and awake 1-3 hrs after -can become conditioned to be awake in bed when you cannot fall asleep during these times and lay awake
41
ways to help insomnia
may have CBT and sleep restriction therapy where they are given times they are allowed to sleep and are not along to hang out in bed. - most effective meds but become addictive: benzodiazepines and zolpidem - better odds with CBT than meds because when you stop meds insomnia can come back and even be worse
42
define hypersomnolence disorder
- usually more prevalent in those with mood disorders - have excessive sleepiness and non-stimulating environments will fall asleep -3 times per week for at least 3 months that cause significant distress or impairment in functioning
43
define narcolepsy
recurrent attacks of unstoppable need for sleep, lapses into sleep, and naps within 1 day. usually enter REM within minutes - may experience cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone lasting under 2 minutes , may suddenly drop objects or themselves to the ground) -those with cataplexy narcolepsy usually lack hypocretin in the hypothalamus that promotes wakefulness - possible low histamine which also promotes wakefulness
44
treatment options for hypersomnia and narcolepsy
stimulant modafinil, amphetamines, or sodium oxybate
45
what are the three sleep breathing disorders
1. central sleep apnea: brain does not sent signal to respiratory system to breath and stop breathing for 20 sec or more but do not feel tired when awake (5+ per hour of sleep) 2. sleep related hypoventilation: periods of low breathing from high CO2 levels 3. obstructive sleep apnea: snore, silent from no breathing, and gasp for air: - sever: greater than 30 -moderate: 15-30 mild: less than 15
46
characteristics of sleep apnea (obstructive sleep apnea)
airflow stopped due to narrow airway could be associated with obesity, hypertension, and diabetes or tonsillitis that cause inflammation 9-38% worldwide
47
circadian rhythm
driven by hypothalamus mechanism called superchiasmatic and can have dysfunction of this system. Five types: 1. delayed sleep phase 2. advanced sleep phase 3. irregular sleep-wake 4. non-24hr 5. shift-work
48
delayed sleep phase type
trouble falling asleep and problem waking up early. can be a problem for adolescents for a period who want to stay up late and sleep in. most common circadian rhythm diagnosed
49
advanced sleep phase type
ability to fall asleep but wake up 2 or more hours before you want to. early morning insomnia and excessive sleepiness during the day. will show this with biomarkers of melatonin and core body temperature
50
irregular sleep wake type
no set sleep-wake rhythm, usually fragmented sleep broken into at least 3 parts per 24 hrs. they have insomnia at night but very sleepy during the day, associated with neurological disorders
51
non 24hr type
free running sleep wake cycle. can be awake at night and sleep during the day. correlates with deficits in cognition and functioning
52
shift work type
working rotating shifts or irregular hours. try finding bright light to change circadian rhythm and reduce sleepiness. easier to go to bed later than earlier.
53
disorders of arousal
recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep that mix wakefulness and NREM: sleep terrors, sleepwalking, and confusional arousals
54
sleep terrors
usually seen in kids where they look awake, scared, and screaming but they are actually sleeping - usually do not fully awake and go back to a deep sleep
55
when do night terrors usually occur
first 3 hrs of sleeping during stage 3-4. usually occur in 1-6.5% of children
56
sleepwalking disorder
15-30 % of kids have experienced at least once. happens during NREM can respond to people but not hold conversation. can be difficult to awake
57
confusional arousals
common in adults and can involve foggy thinking, slow speech, disorientation usually caused when someone awakes them.
58
REM sleep behavior disorder
become violent and thrashing around and can remember vivid dreams of either someone hurting them or loved one usually. high percentage develop neurodegenerative diseases. have abnormality in dopamine functioning. usually use clonazepam
59
nightmare disorders
common in those who recently experienced trauma. for diagnosis must be frequent enough to cause distress or impairment in functioning. can have exposure-based treatment to desensitize to nightmare. could try prazosin (SANS) usually related to PTSD
60

Psych exam 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions