Ch.9 Learning Principles And Applications Flashcards
A stimulus that doesn’t initially elicit any part of an unconditioned response
Neutral stimulus
An event that elicits a certain predictable response typically w/o previous training
Unconditioned stimulus
An organism’s automatic ( or natural) reaction to a stimulus
Unconditional response
Learning procedure made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Classical conditioning
A once neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired w/ an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
Responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli
Generalization
The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli
Discrimination
When the conditional response has gradually died out
Extinction
Learning with a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence
Operant conditioning
Stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated
Reinforcement
Stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food and water
Primary reinforcer
Stimulus such as money that’s becomes rewarding through it’s link with a primary reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer
Reinforcement depends on a specified quantity of responses, such as rewarding every fourth response
Fixed ration schedule
A pattern of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of response are required before the reinforcement can be obtained
Variable ratio schedule
A pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement
Fixed-interval schedule
A pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement
Variable interval schedule
Process in which reinforcement is used to sculpt new responses out of old ones
Shaping
Each response produces the signal for the next one
Response chains
Process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli
Aversion control
A painful or unpleasant stimulus is removed; increasing the strength of the response
Negative reinforcement
Training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus
Escape conditioning
Training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus
Avoidance conditioning
Process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others
Social learning
Focuses on how info is obtained, processed, and organized
Cognitive learning
A mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events
Cognitive map
Alteration of behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior
Latent learning
Condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable
Learned helplessness
Learning by imitating others; copying behavior
Modeling
Systematic application of learning principles to change people’s actions and feelings
Behavior modification
People are systematically paid to act appropriate
Token economy
Demonstrated on an infant
John Watson
Several response chains are organized into what?
Response shape
The # of responses needed for reinforcement change
Variable ratio schedule
Unpleasant consequence that decreases the frequency of the response that is produced
Punishment
In classical conditioning, the best results occur when the conditioned stimulus is presented when?
Before the unconditional response
