Ch.9 Learning Principles And Applications

Question 1

A stimulus that doesn’t initially elicit any part of an unconditioned response

Answer 1

Neutral stimulus

Question 2

An event that elicits a certain predictable response typically w/o previous training

Answer 2

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 3

An organism’s automatic ( or natural) reaction to a stimulus

Answer 3

Unconditional response

Question 4

Learning procedure made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 4

Classical conditioning

Question 5

A once neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired w/ an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

Conditioned stimulus

Question 6

The learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

Conditioned response

Question 7

Responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli

Answer 7

Generalization

Question 8

The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli

Answer 8

Discrimination

Question 9

When the conditional response has gradually died out

Answer 9

Extinction

Question 10

Learning with a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence

Answer 10

Operant conditioning

Question 11

Stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated

Answer 11

Reinforcement

Question 12

Stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food and water

Answer 12

Primary reinforcer

Question 13

Stimulus such as money that’s becomes rewarding through it’s link with a primary reinforcer

Answer 13

Secondary reinforcer

Question 14

Reinforcement depends on a specified quantity of responses, such as rewarding every fourth response

Answer 14

Fixed ration schedule

Question 15

A pattern of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of response are required before the reinforcement can be obtained

Answer 15

Variable ratio schedule

Question 16

A pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement

Answer 16

Fixed-interval schedule

Question 17

A pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement

Answer 17

Variable interval schedule

Question 18

Process in which reinforcement is used to sculpt new responses out of old ones

Answer 18

Shaping

Question 19

Each response produces the signal for the next one

Answer 19

Response chains

Question 20

Process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli

Answer 20

Aversion control

Question 21

A painful or unpleasant stimulus is removed; increasing the strength of the response

Answer 21

Negative reinforcement

Question 22

Training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 22

Escape conditioning

Question 23

Training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 23

Avoidance conditioning

Question 24

Process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others

Answer 24

Social learning

Question 25

Focuses on how info is obtained, processed, and organized

Answer 25

Cognitive learning

Question 26

A mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events

Answer 26

Cognitive map

Question 27

Alteration of behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior

Answer 27

Latent learning

Question 28

Condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable

Answer 28

Learned helplessness

Question 29

Learning by imitating others; copying behavior

Answer 29

Modeling

Question 30

Systematic application of learning principles to change people’s actions and feelings

Answer 30

Behavior modification

Question 31

People are systematically paid to act appropriate

Answer 31

Token economy

Question 32

Demonstrated on an infant

Answer 32

John Watson

Question 33

Several response chains are organized into what?

Answer 33

Response shape

Question 34

The # of responses needed for reinforcement change

Answer 34

Variable ratio schedule

Question 35

Unpleasant consequence that decreases the frequency of the response that is produced

Answer 35

Punishment

Question 36

In classical conditioning, the best results occur when the conditioned stimulus is presented when?

Answer 36

Before the unconditional response