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Physiological Psychology > Ch.9 > Flashcards

Ch.9 Flashcards

1
Q

what is circadian rhythm

A

anything on a daily cycle of change such as timing of our sleep and wake cycles

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2
Q

what does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) do

A

receives stimulation from light via the retina

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3
Q

where is the SCN found

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

what is a seitgeber

A

german for “time giver”, light is an example as it tells us when its day and night

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5
Q

where does the penal gland get its info from and what doe sit produce

A

-gets retinal input
-produces melatonin

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6
Q

what can lead to disruption of the sleep cycle

A

shift work, jet lag, trouble sleeping at night

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7
Q

what negative health effects occur as a result of a messed up sleep cycle

A

obesity, diabetes, increased risk of accidents

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8
Q

what is sleep

A

reversible state characterized by minimal movement, a relaxed posture, and diminished attention directed to the environment

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9
Q

what is polysomnography

A

physiological recording of observations of sleep

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10
Q

what does an EEG measure when sleeping

A

brain activity

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11
Q

what does and EOG measure during sleep

A

eye movements

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12
Q

what does and EMG measure during sleep

A

muscle tension

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13
Q

when do we see beta waves and what do they measure at

A

-when we are awake
-13-30 Hz

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14
Q

when do we see alpha waves and what do they measure at

A

-when we are sleepy
-8-12Hz

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15
Q

when do we see theta waves and what do they measure at

A

-during stage one of sleep
-3-7Hz

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16
Q

how much of sleep is spent in stage 1

A

4-5%

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17
Q

when do we see sleep spindles and K complexes and what do they measure at

A

-stage 2 sleep
-12-14Hz

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18
Q

how much of sleep is spent in stage 2

A

45-55%

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19
Q

when do we see delta waves and what do they measure at

A

-during slow wave sleep
-.5-3Hz

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20
Q

how much sleep is spent in slow wave sleep

A

16-21%

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21
Q

what happens in REM sleep

A

-rapid eye movement
-faster waves that resemble waking

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22
Q

how much sleep is spent in REM sleep

A

20-25%

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23
Q

what is the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

-a neural network that sends projections from the brainstem and hypothalamus throughout the forebrain
-involved in wakefulness
-when lesioned in cats they entered a permanent sleep

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24
Q

what is the raphe nuclei

A

-found in the brainstem
-produces serotonin

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25
Q

what does Acetylcholine contribute to in sleep

A

sustaining beta waves

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26
Q

what does serotonin contribute to

A

wake and sleep

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27
Q

what occurs during slow wave sleep

A

-brain no longer responds to environmental sensory cues
-Cortex and thalamus are in synchrony
-happens locally, different parts are benefiting from slow wave sleep at different points in time

28
Q

what does the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) do during SWS

A

-increases activity (unlike most other neurons that decrease)
-activates GABAergic and galaniergic neurons that diminish wakefulness, makes you more deeply asleep

29
Q

what is the role of the TuberoMammillary Nucleus (TMN)

A

has to do with circadian rhythm and immune functions

30
Q

when does atonia occur during sleep and what is it

A

REM sleep
relaxed muscles

31
Q

what are pontogeniculooccipital (PGO) spikes

A

electrical potentials that start in the pons, go to the thalamus, then end in the occipital lobe and are correlated with rapid eye movements

32
Q

what is the role of the subcoeruleus and what happens when it is damaged

A

generator of REM, damage leads to less REM sleep

33
Q

homeostatic theory of sleep

A

-provides rest and recovery

34
Q

sleep rebound effect

A

idea that we make up sleep we miss out on

35
Q

how much sleep can we make up

A

30%

36
Q

wheat can sleep deprivation lead to

A

-cognitive deficits
-motor performance
-emotional regulation
-hallucinations

37
Q

adaptive theory of sleep

A

-sleep helps us when it is not beneficial for us to be awake
-hiding and protecting us from predators
-food is scarce, time to sleep

38
Q

Memories and sleep

A

-Hippocampal neurons fire in SWS
-Rehearsal of learned info
-Memory consolidation

39
Q

Synaptic homeostasis hypothesis

A

-sleep prunes weaker synapses
-strengthens stronger synapses
-production of synapses decreases during sleep

40
Q

REM sleep and memories

A

-Consolidates procedural memories
-Deprivation leads to memory deficits
-After learning difficult tasks we spend increased time in REM
-Processing survival related info

41
Q

what is sleep debt

A

difference in amount of sleep you need and amount of sleep you get

42
Q

sleep efficiency

A

percentage of time in bed that you are actually asleep

43
Q

how can sleep affect vaccines

A

vaccines are less effective when people have interrupted sleep

44
Q

what’s the role of interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor, what are they, and where are they found

A

-immune system chemicals
-located in sleep-wake-regulatory centers (brainstem, hippocampus, hypothalamus)
-presence of these increases SWS

45
Q

how does sickness disrupt sleep

A

-disrupts REM and SWS
-REM prevents shivering and SWS decreases temp which is part of the process for our body to get rid of sickness
-when interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor are blocked, SWS decreases

46
Q

what is insomnia

A

difficulty falling or staying asleep

47
Q

what percent of americans experience insomnia nightly? few nights a week?

A

35%
58%

48
Q

treatments for insomnia include

A

-Medications (GABA agonists)
-Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
-Exercise (late afternoon)
-Dim the lights before bed
-Limit caffeine and alcohol
-Bedroom hygiene (temp, light control)

49
Q

who is most likely to have insomnia

A

older adults

50
Q

what is narcolepsy

A

REM related disorder in which people fall asleep unexpectedly characterized by weak muscles/paralysis (cataplexy), hypnagogic hallucinations and become sleepy during emotional arousal

51
Q

what is cataplexy

A

Weak muscles/paralysis, experienced in narcolepsy

52
Q

what stage of sleep decreases in narcolepsy

A

SWS

53
Q

what is orexin

A

neurotransmitter that keeps us awake

54
Q

how is orexin impacted in those with narcolepsy

A

Those with narcolepsy have a genetic condition that keeps them from producing enough orexin to stay awake

55
Q

treatments for narcolepsy

A

-antidepressants
-stimulants
-hypnotic drugs

56
Q

what is sleep apnea

A

seeping disorder where people wake mid sleep due to lack of oxygen

57
Q

what is obstructive sleep apnea

A

due to blockage of airway

58
Q

what is central sleep apnea

A

Impaired brain mechanisms controlling breathing during sleep

59
Q

consequences of sleep apnea

A

-Little slow wave sleep
-Less REM
-Risk of heart attack, stroke, high blood pressure
-Decrease of cortical gray matter

60
Q

what is the CPAP machine used for

A

-treating sleep apnea
-Pressurizes the air so it can get through the throat more easily

61
Q

what is sleep paralysis

A

happens while falling asleep or waking up in which a person is aware but unable to move of speak, this is a REM related disorder

62
Q

treatments for sleep paralysis

A

Improve sleep hygiene
CBT
Antidepressants

63
Q

what is REM sleep behavior disorder

A

-Dreams are acted out with talking, kicking, jumping, etc
-More often seen in men/older adults

64
Q

treatment for REM sleep behavior disorder

A

Medication (clonazepam)

65
Q

consequences of sleep deprivation

A

accident/injury prone
Reduced memory capabilities
Reduced attention span
Lower immune system function
Buildup of waste products in brain
Increased sugar/carb cravings
Imbalance endocrine system

66
Q

how often do we dream, when do they occur, what are they like?

A

5-7 times a night
occur during REM
Often negative, weird, or bizarre

Physiological Psychology (3 decks)

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