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Physiological Psychology > Ch.7 > Flashcards

Ch.7 Flashcards

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1
Q

what do axons travel through to get to the spinal cord

A

corticospinal tracts

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2
Q

how many separate tracts does the corticospinal tract have?

A

2

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3
Q

what info does the lateral corticospinal tract send

A

sends info to arms and legs

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4
Q

what info does the anterior/ventral corticospinal tract send

A

sends info to trunk, control the muscles of the core or midline of the body

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5
Q

what are upper motor neurons

A

bundles of axons that extend from the cell bodies in the motor cortex found along the corticospinal tract

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6
Q

where are lower motor neurons found

A

gray matter of the spinal cord

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7
Q

how many nerves are in the spinal cord?

A

31

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8
Q

what does the spinal cord do?

A

sends signals to and from the body

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9
Q

what info is processed by the dorsal root?

A

afferent sensory info

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10
Q

what info is processed by the ventral root?

A

efferent motor info

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11
Q

what do interneurons do?

A

connect the dorsal root (sensation) to the lower motor neurons

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12
Q

what is the reflex arc

A

occurs when someone touches something hot

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13
Q

how does the reflex arc get processed by nuerons

A

sensory neuron -> interneuron -> lower motor neuron

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of muscles

A

cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

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15
Q

where is cardiac muscle located

A

heart

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16
Q

where is smooth muscle located

A

organs

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17
Q

biofeedback

A

looks at how we may be able to control more movement than we typically do such as holding breath

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18
Q

what two types of fibers make of the skeletal muscle

A

extrafusal and intrafusal

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19
Q

what are extrafusal fibers

A

muscle cells that contract to shorten a muscle

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20
Q

what are intrafusal fibers

A

-muscle cells that detect changes in muscle length
-sensory receptors monitor stretching

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21
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction

A

the synapse formed when the axon terminal of a motor neuron positions itself in a section of the extrafusal muscle fiber known as the motor end plate

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22
Q

what is the motor end plate

A

an area that is highly excitable and appropriate for the initiation of action potentials

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23
Q

what are antagonistic muscles

A

produce actions that are opposite of one another for example biceps and triceps enable the arm to move toward and away from the body

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24
Q

proprioception

A

ability to sense the position, orientation, and movement of ones own body

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25
Q

what does the golgi tendon organ do?

A

when a muscle contract excessively it sends a message back to the nervous system to initate the appropriate compensatory action

26
Q

what does the supplementary motor complex do

A

helps guide the execution of complex behvaior

27
Q

what makes up the supplementary motor complex?

A

supplementary motor area (SMA) and presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA)

28
Q

when is SMA activated?

A

when we think about doing soemthing

29
Q

when is preSMA activated

A

when we actually do something

30
Q

what leads to diminished activation of SMA and pre SMA

A

proficiency at task

31
Q

what do cortical areas (SMA, pre-SMA, premotor cortex) play a key role in

A

voluntary movements

32
Q

what is the basal ganglia and what are its primary components

A

-collection of interconnected nuclei that surround the thalamus and regulate movement
-consists of caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

33
Q

what do the 3 structures of the basal ganglia communicate with

A

substantia nigra

34
Q

what makes up the striatum

A

caudate and putamen

35
Q

what is the role of the basal ganglia

A

-Creates a motor loop in which these structures put together info from the cortical areas and send it to the cortex for movement execution, involved with motor regulation
-also involved with learning and habit formation, attention, rewarded behaviors, and emotional responses

36
Q

how much of the brains volume is made up of the cerebellum

A

10%

37
Q

what is the last stop in the brain for movement

A

cerebellum

38
Q

what is the function of the flocculondular lobe in the cerebellum

A

balance and posture

39
Q

what is the function of the Vermis and lateral cerebellar hemispheres in the cerebellum

A

regulate muscle tone

40
Q

what is the function of the cerebella peduncles in the cerebellum

A

communication with other brain regions

41
Q

what is the role of the cerebellum

A

movement, coordination, balance, and muscle tone

42
Q

Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome affects what

A

Executive function, language, sequencing events, visuospatial abilities are all affected

43
Q

What does it take to become an expert in motion

A

-10,000 hours of distributed practice
-Intentional repetitive practicing of skills
-10 years
-trial and error

44
Q

what is automaticity in the context of expertise and motion

A

less attention needed to perform a certain action

45
Q

what is efficiency in the context of expertise and motion

A

less neural activation is required to do well

46
Q

benefits of exercise

A

-improves intelligence scores
-prevents cognitive decline
-enhances learning

47
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease and who does it typically affect

A

-neurodegenerative disease
-often found in older adults

48
Q

what physical changes occur in result of Parkinson’s disease

A

-akinesia (lack of voluntary movement)
-muscle tremors (shaking at rest)
-rigidity of movement
-fewer automatic movements

49
Q

what is akinesia

A

lack of voluntary movements often seen in those with Parkinson’s disease

50
Q

what happens to the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease

A

degeneration of neurons accompanied by decreased levels of dopamine

51
Q

what are lewy bodies

A

protein deposits present in the cell body in brain areas affected by Parkinson’s

52
Q

what is L-DOPA used for

A

offers temporary relief of symptoms associated with Parkinsons disease but becomes less effective over time

53
Q

how can surgery be used to treat Parkinsons disease

A

-Transplanting dopaminergic neurons to substantia nigra (variable success rates)
-Lesioning the basal ganglia

54
Q

what does lesioning the basal ganglia do for those with Parkinsons

A

-decrease termor
-Blocks habitual motor messages that compete with goal directed movement

55
Q

what is paraplegia

A

inability to move lower extremities

56
Q

what is quadriplegia

A

inability to move lower, upper extremities and torso

57
Q

treatments for movement disorders

A

-transplants can lead to some regeneration

58
Q

what are autologous transplants

A

your own cultured tissue

59
Q

what is neurorehabilitation

A

stimulation/agonist drugs/harness training

60
Q

robotic control

A

electrode implants in motor cortex

Physiological Psychology (3 decks)

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