Ch.8 - Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126 bones;
As “appendages” to the central skeleton, these bones include those of the upper and lower limbs (including the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton)
The bones of the appendicular skeleton is most involved in
body movement
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle includes which bones?
The two pectoral (shoulder) girdles include a clavicle and a scapula
The clavicle’s medial end articulates what?
The medial (sternal) end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
The clavicle’s lateral end articulates what?
Lateral (acromial) end articulates with the acromion of the scapula
What type of bone is the scapula?
Flat bone
Where is the scapula located?
The scapula is a flat bone that is located in the superior part of the posterior thorax between the second and seventh ribs
What part of the scapula does the humerus articulate?
Its glenoid cavity is the attachment point for the humerus
How does the humerus articulate with the scapula?
Articulates with the scapula proximally (its rounded head fits into the glenoid cavity)
How does the humerus articulate with the ulna and radius?
The humerus articulates with the radius and ulna distally (the trochlea articulates with the ulna and the capitulum with the radius)
What forms the trochlear notch?
The olecranon and coronoid process at the proximal end of the ulna form the trochlear notch which wraps around the trochlea of the humerus making up the elbow joint
How does the articulation of the radius allow for rotation?
The articulation of the radial head with the capitulum of the humerus and with the ulna allow the forearm to rotate
How many carpal bones are there and how are they arranged?
The carpal bones are 8 small bones connected to each other by ligaments and they are arranged in two rows of four bones each.
Name the 4 proximal carpal bones.
The proximal row (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform) articulates with the distal radius and ulna
Name the 4 distal carpal bones.
The distal row (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate) articulates with the metacarpals
How many metacarpal bones are there and what does it make?
The five metacarpals make up the palm and back of the hand.
Bases articulate with the distal carpals while their heads articulate with the proximal phalanges
how are the metacarpals numbered?
Numbered I through V (or 1–5) starting with the thumb
How many phalanges are there?
14 total
Describe the hand bones.
The thumb contains 2 (proximal and distal) while the other 4 fingers contain 3 each (proximal, middle and distal)
What is the pelvic girdle made up of?
The pelvic girdle is made up of two hip bones (os coxa, coxal bones) that articulate with the sacrum posteriorly
Name the three individual parts of the hip bone.
Each hip bone is actually made up of three individual bones: ilium, ischium, pubis
How are the two hip bones articulated?
The two bones articulate anteriorly at the pubic bones (pubic symphysis).
There is a disc of fibrocartilage between the two bones
What major bone does the pelvic girdle articulate with?
The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone as a ball and socket joint
T/F- The acetabulum is composed of parts of all three of the bones that make up the hip bone
TRUE.
how is the pelvis divided?
The pelvis is divided into a superior and an inferior portion by the pelvic brim, which is where the abdomen meets the pelvic cavity
The area of the bony pelvis superior to the pelvic brim is known as the …
false (greater) pelvis
The area of the bony pelvis inferior to the pelvic brim is known as the …
true (lesser) pelvis
How do the male and female pelves differ (3 ways)?
- The bones of the male pelvis are usually larger and heavier.
- The bones of the female pelvis are structured to meet the requirements of pregnancy and childbirth.
- The female pelvis is wider and shallower than that of the male
What bone is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body?
the femur
How does the femur articulate with the pelvis?
The proximal end (head) inserts into the acetabulum of the hip bone
Which bones does the distal end of the femur articulate with?
The distal end articulates with the tibia and patella
What type of bone is the patella?
triangular bone
Where does the patella bone develop?
develops in the quadricep tendon.
Where is the patella located?
Its posterior surface articulates with the femur
What does the lower leg consist of?
The lower leg consists of the tibia and the fibula
which lower leg articulates with the femur?
The tibia’s proximal end articulates with the femur
which lower leg articulates with the talus bones of the ankle?
The tibia’s distal end articulates with the talus bone of the ankle
Where does the patellar ligament attachment?
The tibial tuberosity on the anterior surface is the point of attachment for the patellar ligament.
What are the 7 tarsal bones?
These are the talus, calcaneus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms and the cuboid
how are the 5 metatarsals numbered?
Just like the metacarpals, they are numbered I through V (1–5) starting with the big toe
They make up the sole and dorsal surface of the foot
What does the proximal ends of the metatarsals articulate with?
The proximal ends articulate with the 3 cuneiform bones and the cuboid
What does the distal ends of the metatarsals articulate with?
The distal ends articulate with the proximal phalanges
how many arches does the foot have and what is it supported by?
The foot has two arches that are supported by ligaments and tendons
What is the purpose of the arches in the foot?
The purpose of the arches is to:
1) allow the foot to support the weight of the body,
2) provide leverage while walking,
3) and distribute the body’s weight over the foot
What are the two foot arches?
The foot has two arches:
1) the longitudinal arch which is made up of a medial and a lateral portion
and 2) the transverse arch
Where do skeletal tissue arise?
Most skeletal tissue arises from the middle primary germ layer in embryos known as the mesoderm although most of the skull arises from the outer layer called the ectoderm
Describe the two ways the skull bones develop.
- The cartilaginous neurocranium (hyaline cartilage) undergoes endochondral ossification.
- The membranous neurocranium undergoes intramembranous ossification
