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A&P I - TEST 2- BONES & JOINTS > Ch. 7 - Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Ch. 7 - Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Axial skeleton and homeostasis

A

The bones of the axial skeleton contribute to homeostasis by protecting many of the body’s organs

  • The cranium surrounds the brain
  • The vertebrae surround the spinal cord
  • The ribs surround the heart and lungs

-Bones also support the storage and release of calcium, an important ion

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2
Q

how many bones in the human skeleton?

A

206

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3
Q

How many and what bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80 bones;

skull bones, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, vertebrae and sacrum

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4
Q

How many and what bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones;

bones of the upper and lower extremities and the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

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5
Q

Describe long bones.

A

greater in length than width.

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6
Q

describe short bones.

A

cube shaped.

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7
Q

describe flat bones

A

thin layers of parallel plates.

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8
Q

describe irregular bones.

A

complex shape like vertebra

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9
Q

describe sesamoid bones

A

shaped like a sesame seed.

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10
Q

Bone Surface Markings- Depression and openings

A
  • Allow the passage of soft tissues

- Form joints

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11
Q

Bone Surface Markings- Processes

A
  • Projections or outgrowths that form joints

- Serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons

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12
Q

Bone Surface Markings- Depression and openings— fissure

A

Narrow slit between bones for passage of blood vessels or nerves

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13
Q

Bone Surface Markings- Depression and openings—foramen

A

Hole for passage of blood vessels, nerves or ligaments.

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14
Q

Bone Surface Markings- Depression and openings—fossa

A

Shallow depression

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15
Q

Bone Surface Markings- Depression and openings—meatus

A

tubelike opening

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16
Q

Bone Surface Markings- Depression and openings—sulcus

A

Furrow on a bone for passage of blood vessel, nerve or tendon (see humerus, Fig. 8.4a)

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17
Q

Bone Surface Markings- processes — condyle

A

Rounded projection with a smooth articular surface

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18
Q

Bone Surface Markings- processes — facet

A

Smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface

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19
Q

Bone Surface Markings- processes — head

A

Usually rounded articular process supported on a neck

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20
Q

Bone Surface Markings- processes — crest

A

Prominent ridge or elongated process

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21
Q

Bone Surface Markings- processes — epicondyle

A

Usually roughened projection on a condyle

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22
Q

Bone Surface Markings- processes — line

A

Long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than a crest

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23
Q

Bone Surface Markings- processes — spinous process

A

Sharp, slender projection; think about the spine vertebra

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24
Q

Bone Surface Markings- processes — tronchanter

A

Very large projection found ONLY on the femur

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25
Q

Bone Surface Markings- processes — tubercle

A

Variably sized rounded projection

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26
Q

Bone Surface Markings- processes — tuberosity

A

Variably sized projection with rough, bumpy surface

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27
Q

Sutural bones are…

A

small, extra bone plates located within the sutures of cranial bones;

a suture is an immoveable joint.

Found in the skull holding bones, such as the temporal and parietal, together

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28
Q

Coronal suture

A

the junction between the frontal and parietal bones

29
Q

Squamous suture

A

the junction between the parietal and temporal bones

30
Q

Lambdoidal suture

A

the junction between the parietal and occipital bones

31
Q

Sagittal suture

A

the junction between the two parietal bones

32
Q

Fontanels

A

areas of a fetus/baby where unossified mesenchyme develop into dense connective tissue
They close up through intramembranous ossification by 2 years of age

33
Q

The skull has how many bones?

A

The skull contains 22 bones, not including the 3 middle ear bones in both ears

34
Q

Skull- frontal bone

A

The frontal bone is a bone of the skull found in the forehead region.

It is one of eight bones that form the cranium, or brain case.

The frontal bone plays a vital role in supporting and protecting the delicate nervous tissue of the brain.

It gives shape to the skull and supports several muscles of the head.

35
Q

Skull- Parietal and Temporal

A

One parietal bone is located on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone. It is shaped like a curved plate and has four borders. Together, the parietal bones form the bulging sides and roof of the cranium. They are fused in the middle along the sagittal suture, and they meet the frontal bone along the coronal suture.

36
Q

Skull - occipital bone

A

The occipital bone joins the parietal bones along the lambdoidal suture.

It forms the back of the skull and the base of the cranium.

There is a large opening on its lower surface called the foramen magnum, through which nerve fibers from the brain pass and enter the vertebral canal to become part of the spinal cord.

37
Q

Skull - sphenoid bone

A

include:
-lesser wing
- sella turcica:
+tuberculum sellae
+hypophyseal fossa
+dorsum sellae

38
Q

Skull - ethmoid bone

A

nose bone

39
Q

facial bones

A

Vomer, maxillae, and zygomatic bones

40
Q

facial bones - mandible

A

The mandible (lower jawbone) is the largest and strongest facial bone. Other than the middle ear bones (auditory ossicles), it is the only moveable skull bone.

41
Q

What are unique features of the skull?

A

Paranasal sinuses - mucous membrane-lined cavities in the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid and ethmoid bones

  • -Used as resonating chambers to enhance the voice
  • -Increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa and help to moisten it as well
42
Q

Sinusitis

A

As the sinuses directly continue from the nasal cavity, infections of the upper respiratory tract, such as the flu, or rhinitis, can easily spread into the sinus cavities, leading to a condition called sinusitis [2].

Characteristic symptoms include a sinus headache, facial pain or tenderness, and feeling of astuffy nose [16].

Most commonly affecting the maxillary sinuses [17], inflammation or infection in this area may cause pain in the maxillary teeth as both are innervated by the maxillary nerve [9].
Any blockage in a sinus passage may cause mucus to accumulate, also leading to bacterial or viral infections [18].

43
Q

Hyoid bone (adam’s apple)

A

Does not articulate with any other bone

Supports the tongue and provides an attachment site for some muscles of the neck and pharynx

44
Q

Vertebral Column- how many vertebrae?

A

Also known as the spinal column, backbone or spine

Composed of 26 vertebrae

45
Q

Vertebral Column- divided into how many regions?

A

divided into 5 regions

46
Q

Vertebral Column- function?

A

Protects the spinal cord

47
Q

Curves of the Vertebral column:

A
  1. Cervical curve - 7
  2. Thoracic curve - 12
  3. lumbar curve - 5
  4. sacral curve - 5 fused sacral vertebrae
48
Q

Where are intervertebral disc located?

A

Located between the bodies of the vertebrae from the second cervical to the sacrum

49
Q

what are intervertebral discs composed of?

A

Composed of an outer ring of fibrocartilage (annulus fibrosus) and an inner, soft nucleus (nucleus pulposus) with a layer of hyaline cartilage on the top and bottom of each disc

50
Q

what are intervertebral discs’ function?

A

Absorb shock and separate the vertebrae from one another

51
Q

Function of the thoracic vertebrae? structure?

A

Support the ribs and have special structures for rib head and tubercle attachment.

LOOKS LIKE A GIRAFFE

52
Q

Function of the lumbar vertebrae? Structure?

A

The largest and strongest vertebrae
No special structures that are specifically associated with these vertebrae.

LOOKS LIKE A MOOSE.

53
Q

Function of the cervical vertebra?

A

support the skull.

LOOKS SMALL AND BUG LIKE

54
Q

Structure of the sacrum.

A

The triangular-shaped sacrum is part of the pelvic girdle and is composed of 5 vertebrae that fuse

55
Q

structure of the coccyx.

A

The coccyx is much smaller than the sacrum but is also triangular in shape and is composed of 4 vertebrae that fuse.

56
Q

What is the thorax and what is it composed of?

A

The thorax is the entire chest region.

The bones that compose the thoracic cage are the sternum, ribs and costal cartilages

57
Q

What is the sternum composed of?

A

part of the thorax.

Composed of 3 segments:

  1. The upper manubrium
  2. The middle body
  3. The lower xiphoid process
58
Q

What bone does the sternum articulate with?

A

The sternum articulates with the clavicles and the costal cartilages.

59
Q

Thorax: RIBS - how many are there?

A

12 pairs

60
Q

Thorax: RIBS - function?

A

Provide structural support to the thoracic cavity

61
Q

Thorax: RIBS - true (vertebrosternal) ribs?

A

True (vertebrosternal) ribs – first 7 pairs; their cartilage is directly connected to the sternum

62
Q

Thorax: RIBS - false (vertebrochondral) ribs?

A

False (vertebrochondral) ribs – next 5 pairs; cartilage is indirectly connected to the sternum

63
Q

Thorax: RIBS - floating (vertebral) ribs?

A

Floating (vertebral) ribs – last 2 pairs; these are not connected to the sternum

64
Q

Disorders: what is a herniated disc?

A

In the vertebral column, a herniated disc may occur due to trauma or sometimes is simply associated with aging

65
Q

Disorders: scoliosis?

A

(increased lateral curvature)

66
Q

Disorders: kyphosis?

A

(increased thoracic curve-bent forward)

67
Q

Disorders: Lordosis?

A

(increased lumbar curve-bent backwards)

68
Q

Disorders: spina bifida?

A

Spina bifida is a congenital defect of the vertebral column where the laminae do not develop normally

The degrees of this deformity vary from minor (spina bifida occulta) to severe (spina bifida with meningomyelocele)

A&P I - TEST 2- BONES & JOINTS (4 decks)

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