Ch.8 Flashcards
Appraisal
conscious or unconscious valuations and interpretations of the emotion relevant aspects of a stimulus or event
Action tendencies
 A readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion related behaviours
james-lange theory
The theory that feelings are simply the perception of one’s own psychological responses to a stimulus
 emotion
complex psychological state that involves experimental behavioural and psychological elements
cognitive component of emotion
subjective feelings
people can experience different emotions during the same event
A highly personal subjective experience
Emotion physiological components
bodily arousal
atonomic nervous system
autonomic arousal
sympathetic division
arousing
parasympathetic division
calming
Behavioural components of emotion
nonverbal expressiveness
facial expressions
6 key emotions
happy sad anger suprise disgust fear
Two factor theory of emotion
The theory that a stimuli trigger a general state of physiological arousal which is then interpreted as a specific emotion
Emotional expression
an observable sign of emotional state 
universality Hypothesis
The theory that all emotional expressions mean the same thing to all people and all places at all times 
Facial feedback hypothesis
Forcing yourself to smile will eventually make you happy
Common sense view of emotion
A stimulus creates a conscious feeling which creates autonomic arousal 
Display rule
A norm for the appropriate expression of emotion
4 techniques for following display rules 
- intensification
- deintensification
-  masking
- neutralizing
Intensification
exaggerating the expression of an emotion
Deintensification
dialing back the expression of emotion
Masking
Expressing one emotion while feeling another
Neutralizing
showing no expression of what emotion you are feeling (poker face)
Motivation
The internal causes of purposeful behaviour
Motives
Needs interest wants and desires that propel people in certain directions
Instinct
The faculty of acting in such a way as to produce certain ends without foresight of the ends and without previous education in the performance
To broad and didn’t explain anything
Drive theories
Theorys explain motivation in terms of drive
cant cover the complexity of motivation
Drive
an internal state of tension that motivates us to engage in activities that should reduce the tension
Homeostasis 
Balance or stability
Hedonic principal
 People are primarily motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain
Emotion regulation
strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience 
Suppression
restraining the outward signs of an emotion
not effective 
Affects labelling
putting your feelings into words
reduces intensity but doesn’t change emotion 
Reappraisal
changing one’s emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion electing stimulus
extremely useful can be taught and used like a skill
extrinsic motivation
To take actions that lead to a reward
intrinsic motivation
to take actions that are them selves rewarding
grit
guts
resilience
initiative
tenacity
never giving up on your motive intrinsic
Biological motivations
Food sex sleep oxygen etc.
Psychological motivations
Limitless
Conscious motivations
Motivations people are aware of
Unconscious motivations
Motivations people are not aware of
Need for achievement
The motivation to solve worthwhile problems
can be tested with picture story telling test 
Approach motivation
Motivation to experience positive outcomes
Avoidance motivation
motivation to avoid experiencing negative outcomes
Loss aversion
The tendency to care more about avoiding losses then about achieving equal sized Gaines
Promotion focus
people who tend to think in terms of achieving gains
Prevention focus
People who tend to think in terms of avoiding losses
Terror management theory
The theory that people respond to the knowledge of their own mortality by developing a cultural worldview
Hunger
The drive to eat
ghrelin
hunger promoter that secretes from the stomach
Leptin
A hormone from fat cells that reduces hunger
palatablility
The better food tastes the more you eat
Quantity of food available
The more you were served the more you eat
Variety of food
The more options there are the more you eat
Hypothalamus
The primary receiver of hunger signals in the brain 
Lateral hypothalamus
When destroyed you do not feel hunger
Ventromedial hypothalamus
When destroyed you never feel full
Eating disorder
disorders that lead to extreme disturbances in eating habits
Binge eating disorder
recurrent and uncontrolled episodes of eating a large number of calories in a short amount of time
Bulimia nervosa
binge eating followed by a compensatory behaviour (fasting excessive exercising taking laxatives or vomiting the food back up)
Anorexia nervosa
an intense fear of being overweight and a severe restriction of food intake (often fatal it leads people to starve to death)
Obesity
having a body mass index of 30 or above
Sensory cues
Characteristics of food itself that influence consumption
evolutionary mismatch
Traits that were beneficial in an ancestral environment may be non-beneficial in a modern environment
Metabolism
The rate at which the body uses energy
Evolutionary theory
males and females adopt different mating strategies due to differences in parental investment

Female evolutionary theory
girls are discriminating because they need a mate to provide for their offspring
male evolutionary theory
boys are not discriminating all they need is a female with good fertility
Sexual desire
Not essential for personal survival but is essential to the survival of our DNA
Three hormones that play key roles in sexual desire
Dihydroepiandosterone (DHEA)
testosterone
estrogen
Human sexual response cycle
- excitement
- plateau 
- orgasm
- resolution
reasons people have sex
babies
attraction
emotional connection
alleviate insecurity
to get some thing you want
