Ch.11 Flashcards
Germinal Stage
First 2 weeks of pregnancy
Fetal stage
8-9 weeks until birth
Embryonic Stage
2nd week of pregnancy until aboth the 8th week
Myelination
the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron during pregnancy
Teratogen
and substance that passes from mother to unborn child that impairs development
infancy
begins at birth and lasts between 18 - 24 months
motor development
progression of muscle cordination needed for physical activitys
motor reflexes
motor responses triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation
cephalocaudal rule
the top to bottom rule for motor skills to emerge
proximodistal rule
the inside to outside rule for motor skills to emerge
cognitive development
the process By which infants and children gain the ability to think and understand
sensorimotor stage
A stage of cognitive development that begins at birth and last through infancy during which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it
schemas
theories about the way the world works
assimilation
the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations
accommodation
the process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information
Object permanence
The fact that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible
three things stage theories assume 
- we progress through stages in order
- stages are related to age
- there are major breaks between stages
piagets four stages of cognitive development
- sensormotor
- preoperational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
eriksons theory of psychosocial development
8 stages
each stage has a physyco crisis
tug of war
childhood
begins around 18-24 moths to 11-14 years
preoperational stage
The stage of cognitive development that begins at around two years and ends at about six years during which children develop a preliminary understanding of the physical world
concrete operational stage
The stage of cognitive development that begins at about six years and ends at about 11 years during which children learn how various actions or operations can transform the concrete objects of the physical world
conservation
The understanding that the quantitive properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the objects appearance
Formal operational stage
The final stage of cognitive development that begins around the age of 11 during which children learn to reason about abstract concepts
egocentrism
The failure to understand that the world appears different to different people
Theory of mind
The understanding that the mind produces representations of the world and that these representations guide behaviour
Attachment
The emotional bond with a primary caregiver
Attachment styles
patterns of reacting to the absence and presence of one’s primary caregiver.
- ambivalent
- secure
- avoidant
- disorganized 
 temperament
A biologically-based pattern of intentional and emotional reactivity
Secure attachment style
May or may not be distressed when their caregiver leaves the room but they respond positively to her when she returns
ambivalent attachment style
distressed when their caregiver leaves the room but when they return they respond negatively to her
avoidant attachment style
not distressed when their caregiver leaves the room and they don’t respond positively or negatively when she returns they mainly just ignore her
Disorganized attachment style
show no consistent pattern of response to either their caregivers absence or return (sign of abuse)
Internal working model
A set of beliefs about the way relationships work
pros and cons of eriksons theory of psychosocial development
+ Shows how challenges and social relations stimulates personality
+ draws connections between childhood and adulthood
- depends on case studies so it is not scientifically sound
-  Doesn’t explain huge personality differences
pros and cons of piagets stage theory
+ founded the field of cognitive development
+ push the idea that children are active agents constructing their own worlds
- underestimates young children’s cognitive development and the importance of environment
- The stages are often blurred
Moral development
Telling right from wrong
stages of kohlbergs theory of the development of moral reasoning
- preconventional stage
- conventional stage
- postconventional stage
preconventional stage
A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor
Conventional stage
A state of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
postconventional stage
A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values
Adolescence
The period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity around 11 to 14 years old and lasts until the beginning of adult hood about 18 to 21 years old
Puberty
The onset of bodily changes associated with sexual maturity
Primary sex characteristics
bodily structures that change it puberty and are directly involved in reproduction
Secondary sex characteristics
bodily structures that change at puberty but are not directly involved in reproduction
cons of kohlbergs theory of the development of moral reasoning
The stages are blended
someone may apply different stages based on the situation
- it is more accurate and describing western societies
- it’s more of a skill you learn then a stage
Nuro development in adolescence
changes are most pronounced in the prefrontal cortex - allows risky behaviour
Adulthood
The final stage of development that begins around 18 to 20 years and lasts for the remainder of life
adulthood physical changes
- Brain cells die at an accelerated rate
- bones weaken
- senses decline
- more resistant to hot and cold temps
aduldhood cognitive changes
-decline slower than physical changes
- brain starts to focus on what makes you happy
-crystallized declines slower than fluid
Crystallized intelligence
culture knowledge experience and fact based
Fluid intelligence
biology based
Ability to learn new things and think abstractly

