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PSYC 121 > Ch.11 > Flashcards

Ch.11 Flashcards

1
Q

Germinal Stage

A

First 2 weeks of pregnancy

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2
Q

Fetal stage

A

8-9 weeks until birth

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3
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

2nd week of pregnancy until aboth the 8th week

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4
Q

Myelination

A

the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron during pregnancy

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5
Q

Teratogen

A

and substance that passes from mother to unborn child that impairs development

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6
Q

infancy

A

begins at birth and lasts between 18 - 24 months

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7
Q

motor development

A

progression of muscle cordination needed for physical activitys

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8
Q

motor reflexes

A

motor responses triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation

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9
Q

cephalocaudal rule

A

the top to bottom rule for motor skills to emerge

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10
Q

proximodistal rule

A

the inside to outside rule for motor skills to emerge

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11
Q

cognitive development

A

the process By which infants and children gain the ability to think and understand

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12
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

A stage of cognitive development that begins at birth and last through infancy during which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it

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13
Q

schemas

A

theories about the way the world works

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14
Q

assimilation

A

the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations

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15
Q

accommodation

A

the process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information

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16
Q

Object permanence

A

The fact that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible

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17
Q

three things stage theories assume 

A
  1. we progress through stages in order
  2. stages are related to age
  3. there are major breaks between stages
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18
Q

piagets four stages of cognitive development

A
  1. sensormotor
  2. preoperational
  3. concrete operational
  4. formal operational
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19
Q

eriksons theory of psychosocial development

A

8 stages
each stage has a physyco crisis
tug of war

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20
Q

childhood

A

begins around 18-24 moths to 11-14 years

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21
Q

preoperational stage

A

The stage of cognitive development that begins at around two years and ends at about six years during which children develop a preliminary understanding of the physical world

22
Q

concrete operational stage

A

The stage of cognitive development that begins at about six years and ends at about 11 years during which children learn how various actions or operations can transform the concrete objects of the physical world

23
Q

conservation

A

The understanding that the quantitive properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the objects appearance

24
Q

Formal operational stage

A

The final stage of cognitive development that begins around the age of 11 during which children learn to reason about abstract concepts

25
Q

egocentrism

A

The failure to understand that the world appears different to different people

26
Q

Theory of mind

A

The understanding that the mind produces representations of the world and that these representations guide behaviour

27
Q

Attachment

A

The emotional bond with a primary caregiver

28
Q

Attachment styles

A

patterns of reacting to the absence and presence of one’s primary caregiver.

  1. ambivalent
  2. secure
  3. avoidant
  4. disorganized 
29
Q

 temperament

A

A biologically-based pattern of intentional and emotional reactivity

30
Q

Secure attachment style

A

May or may not be distressed when their caregiver leaves the room but they respond positively to her when she returns

31
Q

ambivalent attachment style

A

distressed when their caregiver leaves the room but when they return they respond negatively to her

32
Q

avoidant attachment style

A

not distressed when their caregiver leaves the room and they don’t respond positively or negatively when she returns they mainly just ignore her

33
Q

Disorganized attachment style

A

show no consistent pattern of response to either their caregivers absence or return (sign of abuse)

34
Q

Internal working model

A

A set of beliefs about the way relationships work

35
Q

pros and cons of eriksons theory of psychosocial development

A

+ Shows how challenges and social relations stimulates personality
+ draws connections between childhood and adulthood

  • depends on case studies so it is not scientifically sound
  •  Doesn’t explain huge personality differences
36
Q

pros and cons of piagets stage theory

A

+ founded the field of cognitive development
+ push the idea that children are active agents constructing their own worlds

  • underestimates young children’s cognitive development and the importance of environment
  • The stages are often blurred
37
Q

Moral development

A

Telling right from wrong

38
Q

stages of kohlbergs theory of the development of moral reasoning

A
  1. preconventional stage
  2. conventional stage
  3. postconventional stage
39
Q

preconventional stage

A

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor

40
Q

Conventional stage

A

A state of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

41
Q

postconventional stage

A

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values

42
Q

Adolescence

A

The period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity around 11 to 14 years old and lasts until the beginning of adult hood about 18 to 21 years old

43
Q

Puberty

A

The onset of bodily changes associated with sexual maturity

44
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

bodily structures that change it puberty and are directly involved in reproduction

45
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

bodily structures that change at puberty but are not directly involved in reproduction

46
Q

cons of kohlbergs theory of the development of moral reasoning

A

The stages are blended
someone may apply different stages based on the situation

  • it is more accurate and describing western societies
  • it’s more of a skill you learn then a stage
47
Q

Nuro development in adolescence

A

changes are most pronounced in the prefrontal cortex - allows risky behaviour

48
Q

Adulthood

A

The final stage of development that begins around 18 to 20 years and lasts for the remainder of life

49
Q

adulthood physical changes

A
  • Brain cells die at an accelerated rate
  • bones weaken
  • senses decline
  • more resistant to hot and cold temps
50
Q

aduldhood cognitive changes

A

-decline slower than physical changes
- brain starts to focus on what makes you happy
-crystallized declines slower than fluid

51
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

culture knowledge experience and fact based

52
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

biology based
Ability to learn new things and think abstractly


PSYC 121 (2 decks)

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