Ch.11

Question 1

Germinal Stage

Answer 1

First 2 weeks of pregnancy

Question 2

Fetal stage

Answer 2

8-9 weeks until birth

Question 3

Embryonic Stage

Answer 3

2nd week of pregnancy until aboth the 8th week

Question 4

Myelination

Answer 4

the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron during pregnancy

Question 5

Teratogen

Answer 5

and substance that passes from mother to unborn child that impairs development

Question 6

infancy

Answer 6

begins at birth and lasts between 18 - 24 months

Question 7

motor development

Answer 7

progression of muscle cordination needed for physical activitys

Question 8

motor reflexes

Answer 8

motor responses triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation

Question 9

cephalocaudal rule

Answer 9

the top to bottom rule for motor skills to emerge

Question 10

proximodistal rule

Answer 10

the inside to outside rule for motor skills to emerge

Question 11

cognitive development

Answer 11

the process By which infants and children gain the ability to think and understand

Question 12

sensorimotor stage

Answer 12

A stage of cognitive development that begins at birth and last through infancy during which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it

Question 13

schemas

Answer 13

theories about the way the world works

Question 14

assimilation

Answer 14

the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations

Question 15

accommodation

Answer 15

the process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information

Question 16

Object permanence

Answer 16

The fact that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible

Question 17

three things stage theories assume 

Answer 17

1. we progress through stages in order
2. stages are related to age
3. there are major breaks between stages

Question 18

piagets four stages of cognitive development

Answer 18

1. sensormotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational

Question 19

eriksons theory of psychosocial development

Answer 19

8 stages
each stage has a physyco crisis
tug of war

Question 20

childhood

Answer 20

begins around 18-24 moths to 11-14 years

Question 21

preoperational stage

Answer 21

The stage of cognitive development that begins at around two years and ends at about six years during which children develop a preliminary understanding of the physical world

Question 22

concrete operational stage

Answer 22

The stage of cognitive development that begins at about six years and ends at about 11 years during which children learn how various actions or operations can transform the concrete objects of the physical world

Question 23

conservation

Answer 23

The understanding that the quantitive properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the objects appearance

Question 24

Formal operational stage

Answer 24

The final stage of cognitive development that begins around the age of 11 during which children learn to reason about abstract concepts

Question 25

egocentrism

Answer 25

The failure to understand that the world appears different to different people

Question 26

Theory of mind

Answer 26

The understanding that the mind produces representations of the world and that these representations guide behaviour

Question 27

Attachment

Answer 27

The emotional bond with a primary caregiver

Question 28

Attachment styles

Answer 28

patterns of reacting to the absence and presence of one’s primary caregiver. 1. ambivalent 2. secure 3. avoidant 4. disorganized 

Question 29

 temperament

Answer 29

A biologically-based pattern of intentional and emotional reactivity

Question 30

Secure attachment style

Answer 30

May or may not be distressed when their caregiver leaves the room but they respond positively to her when she returns

Question 31

ambivalent attachment style

Answer 31

distressed when their caregiver leaves the room but when they return they respond negatively to her

Question 32

avoidant attachment style

Answer 32

not distressed when their caregiver leaves the room and they don’t respond positively or negatively when she returns they mainly just ignore her

Question 33

Disorganized attachment style

Answer 33

show no consistent pattern of response to either their caregivers absence or return (sign of abuse)

Question 34

Internal working model

Answer 34

A set of beliefs about the way relationships work

Question 35

pros and cons of eriksons theory of psychosocial development

Answer 35

+ Shows how challenges and social relations stimulates personality + draws connections between childhood and adulthood - depends on case studies so it is not scientifically sound -  Doesn’t explain huge personality differences

Question 36

pros and cons of piagets stage theory

Answer 36

+ founded the field of cognitive development + push the idea that children are active agents constructing their own worlds - underestimates young children’s cognitive development and the importance of environment - The stages are often blurred

Question 37

Moral development

Answer 37

Telling right from wrong

Question 38

stages of kohlbergs theory of the development of moral reasoning

Answer 38

1. preconventional stage 2. conventional stage 3. postconventional stage

Question 39

preconventional stage

Answer 39

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor

Question 40

Conventional stage

Answer 40

A state of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

Question 41

postconventional stage

Answer 41

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values

Question 42

Adolescence

Answer 42

The period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity around 11 to 14 years old and lasts until the beginning of adult hood about 18 to 21 years old

Question 43

Puberty

Answer 43

The onset of bodily changes associated with sexual maturity

Question 44

Primary sex characteristics

Answer 44

bodily structures that change it puberty and are directly involved in reproduction

Question 45

Secondary sex characteristics

Answer 45

bodily structures that change at puberty but are not directly involved in reproduction

Question 46

cons of kohlbergs theory of the development of moral reasoning

Answer 46

The stages are blended someone may apply different stages based on the situation - it is more accurate and describing western societies - it’s more of a skill you learn then a stage

Question 47

Nuro development in adolescence

Answer 47

changes are most pronounced in the prefrontal cortex - allows risky behaviour

Question 48

Adulthood

Answer 48

The final stage of development that begins around 18 to 20 years and lasts for the remainder of life

Question 49

adulthood physical changes

Answer 49

- Brain cells die at an accelerated rate - bones weaken - senses decline - more resistant to hot and cold temps

Question 50

aduldhood cognitive changes

Answer 50

-decline slower than physical changes - brain starts to focus on what makes you happy -crystallized declines slower than fluid

Question 51

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 51

culture knowledge experience and fact based

Question 52

Fluid intelligence

Answer 52

biology based Ability to learn new things and think abstractly