CH7 Human Movement Science Flashcards
The hands and feet are not fixed, and are free to move in space. Non-weight bearing. Ex. Lat pull-down, Bicep curl, bench press
Open-Chain Movements
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.
Hyperextension
A straightening movement in which the relative angle b/w two adjacent segments increases.
Extension
A bending movement in which the relative angle b/w two adjacent segments decreases.
Flexion
The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body,
Regional Interdependence Model
Anatomic location = close to the midline of the body
Medial
Anatomic location = positioned on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
Anatomical location = positioned on or toward the back of the body,
Posterior
Anatomic location = positioned below an identified reference point
Inferior
Movement of a limb that is visible
Osteokinematic
Movement taking place inside the joint that we can not see. 3 types: Roll, Slide, Spin
Arthrokinematics
The combination of the nervous system, skeletal system, and muscular system that work together to move the body
Human Movement System (HMS)
Chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.
Kinetic Chain
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.
Sagittal Plane
Flexion occurring at the ankle.
Dorsiflexion
Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards.
Plantar Flexion
A movement in which the heel bone moves laterally. The bottom of the foot faces outward.
Eversion
Movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.
Abduction
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.
Adduction
Divides the body into top and bottom halves. Includes: Internal rotation, External rotation, Horizontal abduction, Horizontal adduction, Radioulnar pronation, and Radioulnar supination
Transverse Plane
Plane that divides the body into front & back halves. Includes: Abduction, Adduction, and side-to-side motions.
Frontal plane
Bending of the spine from side to side.
Lateral Flexion
A movement in which the heel bone moves medially. The bottom of the foot faces inward.
Inversion
Rotation of a body segment toward the middle of the body.
Internal Rotation
Rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body.
External Rotation
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.
Horizontal Abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.
Horizontal adduction
Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position.
Radioulnar Pronation
Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position,
Radioulnar Supination
Adduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline.
Scapular Retraction
Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline.
Scapular Protraction
Downward motion of the scapulae
Scapular depression
Upward motion of the scapulae
Scapular Elevation
The speed of movement is fixed and resistance varies with the force exerted.
Isokinetic
Muscle tension is created w/o a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint.
Isometric
Force is produced as a muscle develops tension while visibly changing in length. Subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions.
Isotonic Muscle Contraction
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.
Isometric Muscle Action
A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle.
Concentric Muscle Action
A muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.
Eccentric Muscle Action
When range of motion of a joint is limited.
Hypomobility
A joint having more range of motion that it should.
Hypermobility
The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of joint motion.
Flexibility
The primary muscles providing force for a movement.
Agonist
Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement
Synergists
Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves.
Stabilizers
Muscles on the oppositeThe length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched. side of a joint that are in different opposition of agonist muscles.
Antagonists
The hands and feet are fixed and remain in contact with a stationary surface. IE: Push-ups, Squats, Pull-ups, Lunges
Closed-Chain Movements
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
Force
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
Length-Tension Relationship
The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched.
Resting Length
The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.
Actin
The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.
Myosin
The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.
Sarcomere
When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position.
Muscle Balance
When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.
Altered length-tension relationship
When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.
Reciprocal inhibition
Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.
Altered Reciprocal inhibition
When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.
Muscle Imbalance
The optimal resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently through its entire normal range of motion.
Neutral Position
Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction.
Stretch-shortening cycle
Springlike noncontractile component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy.
Series elastic component
The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle.
Amortization phase
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.
Stretch Reflex
To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically).
Integrated performance paradigm
A fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.
Tendon
The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint.
Force-couple relationship
Muscular stabilization systems located in joints distal of the spine.
Joint support systems
Movement of the bones around the joints.
Rotary Motion
A force that produces rotation; common unit of measurement is the Newton meter (Nm).
Torque
The stretch component of the stretch-shortening cycle, which stores elastic energy from the spring-like nature of contractile tissue.
Eccentric Muscle Action
Muscles that attach on or near the spine and serve the primary purpose of stabilizing the trunk of the body.
Local Muscular System
The main function is to transfer forces through the LPHC to create the most efficient movement possible while also providing additional support to protect the trunk and spine as the body moves.
Global Muscular System
Muscles of the lower leg, hamstrings, and lower back region working together synergistically to create a contracting tension to absorb and control ground reaction forces during walking & running.
Deep Longitudinal Subsystem (DLS)
Includes latissimus dorsi, thoracolumbar fascia (connective tissue of the lower-back), and the gluteus maximus. Works together with the DLS during walking or running just prior to or during heel strike as the gluteus maximus and latissimus dorsi are eccentrically loaded.
Posterior Oblique Subsystem
he obliques, the adductor (inner) thigh muscles, and the hip external rotators. Creates stability from the trunk, through the pelvis, and to the hips and contributes to rotational movement.
Anterior Oblique Subsystem
Made up of the lateral hip (gluteus medius) and medial thigh muscles (adductors) and the contralateral quadratus lumborum. Together, these muscles are tasked with creating and maintaining frontal plane (side-to-side) stabilization of the LPHC during movement.
Lateral Subsystem
True or False:
The subsystems of the Global Muscle system describe the integrated function of muscle groups to transfer force for complex multi-joint movements and stabilization of the HMS.
True.
The amount of force produced by the HMS relies on muscle recruitment and what else?
The lever type of the joint that is moving.
What is the Musculoskeletal system composed of?
Bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments
Consists of a rigid bar that pivots around a stationary pivot point (fulcrum).
Lever
How many classes of levers are there?
3
This lever has the fulcrum in the middle, like a seesaw. Nodding the head is an example.
1st class
This lever has a resistance in the middle with the fulcrum and effort on either side, similar to a load in a wheelbarrow where the axle and wheel are the fulcrum points. For example, when one engages in a full-body push-up or calf raise.
2nd class
This lever has effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum. Most limbs of the human body operate as this type of lever. An example is the human forearm; the fulcrum is the elbow, the effort is applied by the biceps brachii muscle, and the load is in the hand, such as a dumbbell when performing a biceps curl.
3rd class
Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.
Motor Behavior
How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
Motor Control
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior.
Motor Learning
Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span.
Motor Development
The cooperative function of multiple muscles recruited by the nervous system to complete a given movement pattern,
Muscle Synergies
Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.
Mechanoreceptors
The intrinsic awareness of movement and bodily position in space
Proprioception
Cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.
Sensorimotor integration
Use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.
Feedback
Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.
Internal Feedback
Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.
External Feedback
The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all three planes of motion.
Neuromuscular Efficiency
What benefit would occur as a result of exercises that comprise only eccentric muscle actions that are appropriately loaded?
Increased anabolic hormone stimulation
The upper trapezius works with what muscle as a force couple to create upward rotation of the scapula?
Serratus anterior
Which muscle functions in a feed-forward mechanism in anticipation of limb movements?
Multifidus
The deep longitudinal subsystem includes which of the following muscle groups?
Hamstrings and erector spinae
Which concept should be used to describe the functioning of the serratus anterior as it assists the anterior deltoid during shoulder flexion?
Synergist
What type of lever could be described as having a fulcrum in the middle like a seesaw?
First class
