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Gen.Exam.Review > Ch.7 Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Ch.7 Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where does preprohormone synthesis occur?

A

in the endoplasmic reticulum

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2
Q

What packages the prohormone for later release?

A

Golgi apparatus

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3
Q

Hormone: Thryotropin releasing hormone TRH
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Major actions: stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin

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4
Q

Hormone: Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: CRH
Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Major actions: stimulates secretion of ACTH

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5
Q

Hormone: Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: GnRH
Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Major actions: stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

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6
Q

Hormone: Growth hormone releasing hormone
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: Growth hormone releasing hormone
Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Major actions: stimulates secretion of growth hormone

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7
Q

Hormone: Somatotropin release- inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: Somatostatin
Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Major actions: inhibits secretion of growth hormone

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8
Q

Hormone: Dopamine
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: Dopamine
Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Major actions: inhibits secretion of prolactin

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9
Q

Hormone: Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: TSH
Gland of origin: anterior pituitary

Major actions: stimulates syntehsis and secretion of thyroid hormones

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10
Q

Hormone: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: FSH
Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Major actions: stimulates growth of ovarian follicles & estrogen secretion
–promotes sperm maturation (testes)

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11
Q

Hormone: Prolactin
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: Prolactin
Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Major actions: stimulates milk production and breast development

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12
Q

Hormone: Growth Hormone
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: Growth Hormone
Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Major actions: stimulates protein synthesis & overall growth

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13
Q

Hormone: Luteinizing hormone
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: Luteinizing hormone
Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Major actions: stimulates ovulation, formation of CL, synthesis of estrogen & progesterone (ovary)
–stimulates synthesis & secretion of testosterone (testes)

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14
Q

Hormone: Adrenocroticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: ACTH
Gland of origin: anterior pituitary
Major actions: stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones

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15
Q

Hormone: oxytocin
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: oxytocin
Gland of origin: Posterior pituitary

Major actions: milk ejection; uterine contraction

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16
Q

Hormone: antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: ADH
Gland of origin: posterior pituitary

Major actions: stimulates water reabsorption by renal collecting ducts and contraction of arterioles

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17
Q

Hormone: Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: Cortisol
Gland of origin: adrenal cortex

Major actions: stimulates gluconeogensiss; anti-inflammatory; immunosuppression

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18
Q

Hormone: Estradiol
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: Estradiol
Gland of origin: ovary

Major actions: Growth and development of female reproductive organs; follicular phase of menstrual cycle

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19
Q

Hormone: Progesterone
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: Progesterone
Gland of origin: Ovary

Major actions: luteal phse of menstrual cycle

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20
Q

Hormone: Parathyroid hormone
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: PTH
Gland of origin: Parathyroid gland

Major actions: INC serum Ca, DEC serum phosphate

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21
Q

Hormone: Calcitonin
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: Calcitonin
Gland of origin: thyroid gland (parafollicular cells)

Major actions: dec serum Ca

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22
Q

Hormone: Aldosterone
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: Aldosterone
Gland of origin: Adrenal cortex

Major actions: INC renal Na reabsorption; INC renal K secretion; INC renal H secretion

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23
Q

Hormone: 1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
Gland of origin: Kidney (activation)

Major actions: INC intestinal Ca absorption; INC bone mineralization

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24
Q

Hormone: Insulin
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: Insulin
Gland of origin: pancreas (beta cells)

Major actions: Dec blood glucose; dec blood amino acids, DEC blood fatty acid

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25
Q

Hormone: Glucagon
Gland of origin:
Major actions:

A

Hormone: Glucagon
Gland of origin: pancreas (alpha cells)

Major actions: inc blood glucose; inc blood fatty acid

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26
Q

How do hormones determine the sensitivity of the target tissue?

A

by regulating the number or sensitivity of receptors

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27
Q

What are G proteins?

A

guanosin triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins that couple hormoen receptors ot adjacent effector molecules

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28
Q

G proteins have what three subunits?

A

alpha, beta & gamma

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29
Q

G proteins are use din what messenger systems?

A

adenylate cyclase and inositol 1, 4,5-triphosphate (IP3) second messenger systems

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30
Q

What are the steps in the adenylate cyclase mechanism?

A
  1. hormone binds to a receptor in the cell membrane
  2. GDP is released from the G protein and replaced by GTP
  3. Activated adenylate cyclase– catalyse Atp to cAMP
  4. cAMP activates protein kinase A
  5. cAMP is degraded to 5-AMP by phosphodiesterase
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31
Q

What are the steps in the IP3 mechanism?

A
  1. Hormone binds to a receptor in cell membrane; activates phospholipase C
  2. phospholipase C liberates diacylglycerol and IP3 from membrane lipids
  3. IP3 mobilizes Ca from the endoplasmic reticulum; together they activate protein kinase C; which then causes specific physiologic actions
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32
Q

What hormone stimulates the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone?

A

GHRH

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33
Q

What hormone inhibits secretion of Growth hormone?

A

somatostatin
**growth hormone– inhibits its own secretion

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34
Q

Growth hormone actions at the liver

A

generates the production of somatomedins (IGFs)

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35
Q

What are the direct actions of growth hormone?

A
  1. dec glucose uptake into cells (diabetogenic)
  2. INC lipolysis
  3. INC protein synthesis in muscle and INC lean body mass
  4. INC production of IGF
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36
Q

What are the actions of growth hormone via insulin like growth factor?

A
  1. INC protein synthesis in chondrocytes and INC linear growth (pubertal growth)
  2. INC protein synthesis in muscle and INC lean body mass
  3. INC protein synthesis in most organs and INC organ size
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37
Q

What is the major hormone responsible for lactogenesis?

A

prolactin

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38
Q

What hormones promote and inhibit the release of prolactin?

A

Dopamine– inhibits

TRH– increases/promotes secretion

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39
Q

What are factors that increase ADH secretion?

A

-INC serum osmolarity
-Volume contraction
-pain
-nausea (poweful stimulant)
-hypoglycemia
-nicotine, opiates, antineoplastic drugs

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40
Q

What are factors that decrease ADH secretion?

A

-DEC serum osmolarity
-ethanol
-alpha agonists
-ANP

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41
Q

What is thyroglobulin synthesized from?

A

tyrosine in the thyroid follicular cells

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42
Q

Between T3 and T4, which hormone is more biologically active?

A

T3
**3 to 4 times more potent than T4

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43
Q

TRH is secreted by

A

the hypothalamus and stimulates secretion of TSH by teh anterior pituitary

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44
Q

Which hormone T3 or T4, regulates TRH receptors?

A

T3 down regulates TRH receptors in the anterior pituitary & therefore inhibits TSH

45
Q

What hormone is important in the perinatal period for maturation of the CNS?

A

requires thyroid hormone for maturation of the CNS

46
Q

Which part of the adrenal cortex produces aldosterone?

A

zona glomerulosa

47
Q

Which part of the adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids (cortisol) and androgens?

A

zona fasciculata and reticularis

48
Q

What steroids are part of the 21-carbon steroids group?

A

progesterone
deoxycorticosterone
aldosterone
cortisol

49
Q

The 19 carbon steroids have what kind of activity?

A

have androgenic activity and are precursors to estrogens

50
Q

The 18 carbon steroids have what kind of activity?

A

estrogenic activity

51
Q

Layers of the adrenal gland and release (from inside out)

A

Adrenal medulla: catecholamines

Adrenal cortex:
-zona reticularis-androgens
-zona fasciculata- glucorticoids
-zona glomerulosa- aldosterone

52
Q

Glucocorticoid secretion is secreted on a circadian rhythm, when are cortisol levels highest/lowest?

A

highest: just before waking (morning)

lowest: in the evening

53
Q

ACTH effects which part of the adrenal cortex?

A

increases steroid synthesis in all zones of the adrenal cortex

54
Q

What is the second messenger for ACTH?

A

cAMP

55
Q

Which hormone inhibits secretion of CRH from hypothalamus and the secretion of ACTH from the adrenal pituitary?

A

Cortisol

56
Q

Renin, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of what to what?

A

angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

57
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme

58
Q

Angiotensin II acts on what part the adrenal cortex?

A

zona glomerulosa– to increase the conversion of corticosterone to aldosterone

59
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone?

A

increases renal Na reabsorption, restoring ECF volume and blood volume to normal

60
Q

Hyperkalemia increases the secretion of what hormone?

A

aldosterone
**increases renal K secretion, restoring K to normal

61
Q

How do glucocorticoids increase gluconeogenesis by what mechanisms?

A
  1. increase protein catabolism in mm and dec protein synthesis– provides more aa for liver gluconeogenesis
  2. decrease glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue
  3. increase lipolysis– provides more glycerol to liver for gluconeogenesis
62
Q

What is the primary function of phospholipase A2?

A

enzyme that liberates arachidonate form membrane phospholipids, provides precursor for prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis

63
Q

What are the antiinflammatory effects of glucocorticoids?

A
  • induce synthesis of lipocrotin, an inhibitor of phospholipase A2

-inhibit the production of IL-2

-inhibit release of histamine and serotonin

64
Q

How do glucocorticoids suppress the immune system?

A

– inhibit production of IL-2 and T lymphs

65
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on the vasculature?

A

**upregulates alpha1 receptors on arterioles– increasing their sensitivity to vasoconstrictor effect of norepinephrine

66
Q

What are the actions of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)?

A

-INC renal Na reabsorption (action on principle cells of the late distal tubule & collecting duct
-INC renal K secretion (action on the principle cells of late distal tubule and collecting ducts)
-INC renal H secretion (alpha intercalated cells of late distal tubule and collecting duct)

67
Q

What are the characteristic of Addisons disease?

A

-dec adrenal glucocorticoid, androgen and mineralocorticoid
-INC ACTH (low cortisol levels stim ACTH secretion by negative feedback)
-Weight loss, weakness, nausea, vomiting
-Hyperpigmentation
-dec axillary hair
-ECF volume contraction, hypotension, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis

68
Q

Cushings disease is caused primarily by?

A

(iatrogenic pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids)
-primary hyperplasia of the adrenal glands

69
Q

What are the characteristics of Cushings disease?

A

-INC cortisol and androgen levels
-DEC ACTH (iatrogenic/primary adrenal hyperplasia)or INC ACTH (overproduction ACTH, cushings)
-hyperglycemia
INC protein catabolism
-poor wound healing
-hypertension (elevated levels of cortisol & aldosterone)

70
Q

What is the. major factor that regulates glucagon secretion?

A

decreased blood glucose

71
Q

What are the actions of glucagon?

A

**acts on liver and adipose tissue
1. increases blood glucose concentration
2. increases blood fatty acid and ketoacid concentration
3. increases urea production

72
Q

What is the secondary messenger for glucagon?

A

-cAMP

73
Q

How does glucagon increase blood glucose concentration?

A
  1. increases glycogenolysis (prevents recycling of glucose into glycogen)
  2. increases gluconeogenesis
74
Q

How does glucagon increase blood fatty acid and ketoacid concentration?

A

increases lipolysis
**inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in effect “shunts” substrates toward gluconeogenesis

75
Q

What is the overall effect of glucagon on blood levels?

A

INC glucose
INC fatty acid
INC ketoacid

76
Q

What is the overall effect of insulin on the blood levels?

A

DEC glucose
DEC amino acid
DEC fatty acid
DEC ketoacid
hypokalemia

77
Q

Cells types of the islets of langerhans (Endocrine pancreas):
Beta cell
location
function

A

location: central islet

function: secrete insulin

78
Q

Cells types of the islets of langerhans (Endocrine pancreas):
Alpha cell
location
function

A

location: outer rim of islet

function: secrete glucagon

79
Q

Cells types of the islets of langerhans (Endocrine pancreas):
Delta cell
location
function

A

location: intermixed

function: secrete somatostatin and gastrin

80
Q

What is the major factor that regulates insulin secretion?

A

increased blood glucose concentrations

81
Q

What is the mechanism of insulin secretion?

A
  1. glucose, binds to the GLUT 2 receptor on beta cells
  2. inside beta cells: glucose is oxidized to ATP– closes K channels in cell membrane & leads to depolarization of beta cells
  3. Depolarization opens Ca channels– leads to increase in intracellular Ca and then to secretion of insulin
82
Q

What are factors that increase glucagon secretion?

A

dec blood glucose
INC amino acids (esp arginine)
CCK (alerts alpha cells to a protein meal)
NE, EPI
AcHW

83
Q

What are factors that decrease glucagon secretion?

A

INC blood glucose
insulin
somatostatin
fatty acids, ketoacids

84
Q

What are factors that increase insulin secretion?

A

INC blood glucose
INC amino acids (arginine, lysine, leucine)
INC fatty acids
GLucagon
GIP
ACh

85
Q

What are factors that decrease insulin secretion?

A

DEC blood glucose
somatostatin
NE, EPI

86
Q

insulin acts on what organs?

A

liver
adipose tissue
muscle

87
Q

What are the actions of insulin?

A
  1. decreases blood glucose concentration
  2. insulin decreases blood fatty acid and ketoacid concentrations
  3. decreases blood amino acid concentration
  4. decreases blood K concentration
88
Q

How does insulin decrease blood glucose concentration?

A
  1. increases uptake of lgucose into target cells (directing insertion of glucose transporters into cell membranes)
  2. promotes formation of glycogen from glucose in mm and liver & inhibit lgycogenolysis
  3. decreases gluconeogenesis. Insulin increases production of fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate, increasing phosphofructokinase activity
89
Q

What is the major factor that regulates insulin secretion?

A

Blood glucose concentration

90
Q

mechanism of insulin secretion, glucose binds to what receptor on beta cells?

A

Glut 2

91
Q

By what mechanisms does insulin decrease blood glucose concentrations?

A
  1. increases uptake of glucose into target cells (by insertion of glucose transported no cell membranes)
  2. Promotes formation of glycogen from glucose in mm and liver & inhibits glycogenolysis
  3. decreases gluconeogenesis
92
Q

What are the actions of insulin?

A
  1. decreases glucose concentrations
  2. decreases blood fatty acid and ketoacid concentrations
  3. decreases blood amino acid concentration
93
Q

What is secreted by delta cells of the pancreas?

A

somatostatin

**inhibits the secretion of insulin, glucagon and gastrin

94
Q

What are the percentages of calcium in the body?

A

40% of total calcium in blood is boun to plasma proteins

60% of ca is no bound to protein &* is ultrafilterable

95
Q

Which form of Calcium is biologically active?

A

Free, ionized calcium

96
Q

What is the stimulus for secretion of PTH?

A

low serum Ca

97
Q

What is the stimulus for secretion of Vit D?

A

dec serum Ca
INC PTH
DEC serum phosphate

98
Q

What is the stimulus for secretion of calcitonin?

A

INC serum Ca

99
Q

What is the action of PTH on bone, kidney and intestine?

A

bone: INC resoprtion

Kidney: DEC P reabsorption (INC urinary cAMP); INC Ca reabsorption

Intestine: INC Ca absorption (via activation of vit D)

100
Q

What is the action of vitamin D on bone, kidney and intestine?

A

Bone: INC resorption

Kidney: INC P reabsorption, INC Ca reabsorption

Intestine: INC ca absorption (calbindin D-28 K), INC P absorption

101
Q

What is the effect of calcitonin on bone?

A

DEC resorption

102
Q

Which hormones increase serum Ca levels?

A

PTH and Vitamin D

103
Q

What hormones decrease serum Ca levels?

A

calcitonin

104
Q

Where is parathyroid hormone produced?

A

Chief cell sof the parathyroid glands

105
Q

PTH has what effect on the kidneys?

A

inhibits phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule

increases renal Ca reabsorption in the distal tubule

106
Q

Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy occurs due to what?

A

PTH-related peptide (PTH-rp)

**secreted by malignant tumors– has all the physiologic actions of PTH, includign increased bone resoprtion, increased renal Ca reabsorption and decreased renal phsophate reabsorption

107
Q

What is the active form of Vit D?

A

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

108
Q

What are the actions of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol?

A

increase intestinal Ca & Phosphate absorption
increases intestinal phosphate absorption
increases bone resorption

109
Q

Where is calcitonin synthesized and secreted from?

A

parafollicular cells of the thyroid

Gen.Exam.Review (7 decks)

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