Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Gen.Exam.Review > Ch2. Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Ch2. Neurophysiology Flashcards

(89 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Autonomic nervous system is a set of pathways to and from the CNS that innervates and regulates….

A

-smooth mm
-cardiac mm
-glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The somatic nervous system innervates

A

skeletal mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 divisions of autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. sympathetic
  2. parasympathetic
  3. enteric
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia located?

A

in or near the effector organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where are the sympathetic ganglia located?

A

in the paravertebral chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where are preganglionic neurons located?

A

cell bodies in the CNS and synapse in autonomic ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate where?

A

-in spinal cord segments T1-L3 or the thoracolumbar region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system orginate?

A

-originate in the nuclei of the cranial nerves and in spinal cord segments S2 to S4 or the craniosacral region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are postganglionic neurons located?

A

both divisons have their cells bodies in the autonomic ganglia and synapse on effector organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What part of the adrenal medulla, do preganglionic fibers synapse on?

A

directly on chromaffin cells in teh adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, secrete what?

A

epinephrine (80%)
norepinephrine (20%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe a pheochromocytoma

A

tumor of the adrenal medulla that secrets excessive amounts of catecholamines and is associated with excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Adrenergic neurons release what as a neurotransmitter?

A

norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cholinergic neurons releases what as the neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine (Ach)
**sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurons include some postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the GIT which release:

A

substance P
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
nitric oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors located?

A

autonomic ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system at teh neuromuscular junction and in teh adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nicotonic receptors are activated by what susbtances?

A

ACh or nicotine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nicotonic receptors are blocked by

A

ganglionic blocks in teh autonomic ganglia, but not as t the neuromuscular junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nicotinic receptors mechanism of action

A

ACh binds to alpha subunits of teh nicotinic ACh receptor. The nicotonic ACh receptors are also ion channels for Na and K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors located?

A

heart (M2)
smooth muscle (M3)
glands (M3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Muscarinic receptors are

A

inhibitor of the heart
**DEC HR, DEC conduction velocity in the AV node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Muscarinic receptors are excitatory at what locations?

A

In smooth mm and glands
**INC GI motility, INC secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Muscarinic receptors are activated by what substances?

A

ACh and Muscarine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Muscarinic receptors are blocked by:

A

atropine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Muscarinic receptors mechanism of action on the heart SA node:
Gi protein, inhibition of adenylate cyclase, which leads to opening of K channels, slowing of the rate of spontaneous phase 4 depolarization and decreased heart rate
26
Muscarinic receptors mechanism of action on smooth muscle and glands:
Gq protein, stimulation of phospholipase C, and increase in IP3 and intraclelular Ca
27
Examples of alpha1 agonists
norepinephrine pheylephrine
28
Examples of alpha 1 antagonists
phenoxybenzamine phentolamine Prazosin
29
Examples of alpha 2 agonists
clonidine
30
Examples of alpha 2 antagonists
yohimbine
31
Examples of beta 1 agonists
norepinephrine isoproterenol dobutamine
32
Examples of beta 1 antagonists
propranolol metoprolol
33
examples of beta 2 agonists
isoproterenol albuterol
34
examples of beta 2 atangoists
propranolol butoxamine
35
Examples of nicotinic receptors agonists
ACh nicotine carbachol
36
Examples of muscarinic receptor agonists
ACh muscarine carbachol
37
Examples of nicotinic receptors antagonists
curare (neuromuscular junction N1 receptors) hexamethonium (ganglionic N2 receptors)
38
Examples of muscarinic agonists
ACh muscarine carbachol
39
Examples of muscarinic antagonists
atropine
40
What are sympathetic action based on receptors of the heart?
beta 1: inc heart rate, INC contractility, INC AC node conduction
41
What are parasympathetic action based on the receptors of the heart?
M2: dec heart rate, dec contractility (atria), dec AV node conduction
42
What are sympathetic action based on the receptors of the vascular smooth muscle?
alpha 1: constricts blood vessels in skin; splanchnic beta 2: dilates blood vessels in skeletal mm
43
What are the sympathetic action based on the receptors of the GI tract?
alpha 2, beta 2: dec motility alpha 1: constrcits sphincters
44
What is the parasympathetic action based on the receptors of the GIT?
M3: incmotility, relaxes sphincters
45
What are the sympathetic action based on teh receptors of the bronchioles?
beta 2: dilates rbonchiolar smooth mm
46
What are the parasympathetic action based on the receptors of the bronchioles?
M3: constricts bronchiolar smooth muscle
47
What are the sympathetic action based on the receptors of the male sex organs?
alpha: ejaculation
48
What are the paraysympathetic action based on the receptors of the male sex organs?
M: erection
49
What are the sympathetic action based on the receptors of the bladder?
beta 2: relaxes bladder wall alpha 1: constricts sphincter
50
What are the parasympathetic action based on the receptors of the bladder?
M3: contracts bladder wall, relaxes sphincter
51
What are the sympathetic action based on the receptors of the sweat glands
M (sympathetic cholinergic): INC sweating
52
What are the sympathetic action based on the receptors of the eye?
alpha 1: dilates pupil (mydriasis) beta: dilates (far vision)
53
What are the parasympathetic action based on the receptors of the eye?
M: constricts pupil (miosis); contracts (near vision)
54
What are the sympathetic action based on the receptors of the kidney?
Beta 1: INC renin secretion
55
What are the sympathetic action based on the receptors of fat cells?
beta 1: INC lipolysis
56
Autonomic centers of the brain in charge of: vasomotor center, respiratory center, swallowing, coughing and vomiting center
Medulla
57
Autonomic centers of the brain in charge of: pneumotaxis center
pons
58
Autonomic centers of the brain in charge of: micturition center
midbrain
59
Autonomic centers of the brain in charge of: temperature regulation center, thirst and food intake regulatory centers
hypothalamus
60
The cell body of the neuron is responsible for:
protein synthesis
61
The dendrites of the neuron are responsible for:
receiving information from adjacent neurons
62
The axons of the neuron are responsible for:
action potentials originate from axon hillock and send information to other neurons or muscle
63
Astrocytes function
supply metabolic fuels to neurons, secrete trophic factors and synthesize neurotransmitters
64
Oligodendrocytes function
synthesize myelin in the CNS (whereas Schwann cells synthesize myeline in the PNS)
65
Microglial cells function
proliferate following neuronal injury and serve as scavengers for cellular debris
66
Sensory transducers: Examples of mechanoreceptors
pacinian corpuscles joint receptors stretch receptors in muscle hair cells in auditory and vestibular systems baroreceptors in carotid sinus
67
Sensory tranducers: Examples of photoreceptors
rods and cones of the retina
68
Sensory transducers: Examples of chemoreceptors
olfactory receptors taste receptors osmoreceptors carotid body O2 receptors
69
Sensory transducers: Examples of receptors that detect extremes of temperature and pain
Nociceptors
70
Pain is associated witht he detection and perception of noxious stimuli, what are neurotransmitters for nociceptors and how is this clinically relevent?
substance P **inhibition of the release of substance P is the basis of pain relief by opioids
71
Pain of visceral origin is referred to sites on the skin and follows what rule? Explain
dermatome rule **these sites are innervated by nerves that arise from the same segment of the spinal cord
72
What is the flexor withdrawal reflex?
results in flexion on the ipsilateral side and extension on the contraleteral side **somatosensory & pain afferent fibers elicit withdrawal of the stimulated body part form the noxious stimulus
73
What is the consequence of spinal cord transection at C7?
loss of sympathetic tone to the heart ***heart rate and arterial pressure will decreaseWh
74
What is the consequence of a spinal cord lesion at C3?
breathing will stop b/c respiratory muscles have been disconnected from control centers of the brain
75
What is the consequence of a spinal cord lesion at C1
death occurs
76
What is the cause of decerebrate rigidity?
-removal of inhibition from higher centers resulting in excitation of alpha and gamma motoneurons and rigid posture
77
What is the function of the cerebellum?
-control of balance & eye movement -planning & initiation of movement -synergy, which is control of rate, force range and direction of movement
78
Which cells are the only output of the cerebellar cortex?
Purkinje cells **always inhibitory, with the neurotransmitter GABA: y-aminobutyric acid
79
What clinical signs are seen with lesions to the cerebellum?
-lack of cordination -intention tremor-- occurs during attempts to perform voluntary movements -rebound phenomenon--inability to stop a movement
80
What substances freely cross the blood-brain barrier and equilibrate between blood and CSE?
lipid-soluble substances (CO2 & O2) and H20
81
What substances are excluded from the CSF because of their large molecular size?
protein and cholesterol
82
What are the functions of the blood-brain barrier?
1. maintains a constant environment for neurons in the CNS & protects the brain from endogenous or exogenous toxins 2. prevents the escape of neurotransmitters from their functional sites in the CNS into general circulation
83
What are sources of heat generating mechanisms in response to cold?
thyroid hormone--> INC metbaolic rate, stim Na, adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) sympathetic nervous system-- activaiton of beta receptors in brown fat-- inc metabolic rate & heat production shivering-- most potent mechanism
84
What are sources of heat loss mechanisms, in response to heat?
heat loss by radiation and convection heat loss by evaporation dep on activity of sweat glands (sympathetic muscarinic control)
85
Which part of the brain sets the core temperature?
anterior hypothalamus
86
What causes fever?
-pyrogens: interleukin-1 (IL-1) -prostalgandins
87
How does aspirin reduce fever?
inhibiting cyclooxygenase-- inhibiting production fo prostaglandins
88
How do steroids reduce fever?
blocking release of arachidonic acid from the brain phospholipids
89
Characterize malignant hyperthermia
-massive inc in oxygen consumption and heat production by skeletal muscle, which causes a rapid rise in body temperature **caused by susceptible individuals by inhalation anesthetics

Gen.Exam.Review (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions