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AET 260 > CH7 Circulatory Emergencies > Flashcards

CH7 Circulatory Emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

how does a circulatory emergency develop

A

appears sudden, but can have underlying cause that has developed over a period of years or decades

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2
Q

which side of the heart does what

A

right side receives from body and pumps to lungs

left side receives from lungs and pumps to body

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3
Q

definition of cardiovascular disease

A

refers to broad range of conditions affecting heart and blood vessels.

one of leading causes of death worldwide

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4
Q

what are 5 examples of cardiovascular diseases

A

coronary heart disease (CHD)

cerebrovascular disease

congenital heart disease

deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

peripheral arterial disease

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5
Q

what does cardiovascular disease increase risk of

A

CVD increases risk of stroke and myocardial infarctions (heart attack)

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6
Q

what is arteriosclerosis

A

occurs when arteries become hardened, narrowed, and less elastic

occurs gradually, caused by buildup of cholesterol and plaque in arteries

when occurring in a coronary artery it results in coronary heart disease (CHD)

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7
Q

what are some controllable cardiac disease risk factors

A

hypertension

high cholesterol

diabetes

heart disease

weight

alcohol consumption

exercise

smoking

stress

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8
Q

what are some uncontrollable cardiac disease risk factors

A

age

gender

family medical history

ethnicity

history of stroke or TIA

diabetes

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9
Q

what is the main cause of myocardial infarctions (heart attack)

A

O2 cant get to heart muscle, causing cardiac muscle death

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10
Q

why is hypertension a “silent killer”

A

pressure inside blood vessels causes scarring and promotes buildup of fatty plaque, leading to arteriosclerosis

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11
Q

what causes a stroke to occur

A

brain doesn’t get enough O2.

can be caused by a blockage (ischemic) or a bleed (aneurysm)

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12
Q

what is angina

A

intermittent chest pain or pressure

occurs when demands of heart exceeds supply = more blood out than in to CORONARY ATERIES

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13
Q

what are common MOI’s of angina

A

physical activity & exercise

stress

periods of extreme cold or hot

heavy meals

drinking alcohol or smoking

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14
Q

what are the 2 types of angina

A

stable angina

unstable angina

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15
Q

what defines stable angina

A

follows predictable pattern of pain

can be relieved with rest and medication

usually not life threatening

lasts less than 10 minutes

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16
Q

what defines unstable angina

A

pain is not typical for patient

may occur at rest and lasts longer than 10 mins

does not respond to medication

more painful and lasts longer than previous

warning sign that a myocardial infarction is imminent.

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17
Q

what should you do if you suspect either unstable angina or a myocardial infarction

A

because S\S are similar, treatment is the same.

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18
Q

what are the S\S of angina

A

pain in center of chest

tightness, pressure, squeezing, aching in chest or arms

persistent feeling of moderate to severe indigestion

nausea, vomiting

cool, pale skin

discomfort in neck or between shoulder blades

numbness in arms, wrists, shoulders

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19
Q

unstable angina treatment

A

place in position of comfort

assist patient with prescribed medication - nitroglycerin - max doses 3 per 5 min.

aspirin if no nitro - 160-325mg

O2 administration

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20
Q

what is nitroglycerin

A

a vasodilator

comes as a pill or sublingual spray

increases quality of O2 to heart, reduces chest pain

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21
Q

what should you check before administering nitroglycerin

A

check blood pressure

check for erectile dysfunction drugs - is a vasodilator

check how many doses patient has already taken

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22
Q

how much can aspirin (ASA)
reduce risk of death during myocardial infarction

A

up to 25%

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23
Q

what will patient likely have if they have unstable angina

A

nitroglycerin prescription

24
Q

treatment for myocardial infarction

A

same as unstable angina treatments, but patient will likely not have nitroglycerin.

activate EMS EARLY

25
Q

what is congestive heart failure

A

hearts pumping ability is diminished

can be left or right side failure

26
Q

what happens during left sided congestive heart failure

A

often caused by myocardial infarction or chronic hypertension

left ventricle loses ability to pump blood to system.

blood coming into left ventricle backs up, causing fluid buildup in lungs

S\S
increased breathing rate
cyanosis
coughing up blood
increased HR
wheezing
panic or agitation
high blood pressure
confusion

27
Q

what happens during right side congestive heart failure

A

usually occurs due to left side failure and increased pressure back thru the lungs

blood backs up in veins of system, causes edema of feet and lower leg

by itself is rarely life threatening

S\S
shortness of breath
edema of lower legs
more frequent urination
jugular vein bulging
tachycardia or arrhythmia
weakness or fatigue
fainting

28
Q

what is a cerebrovascular accident

A

a stroke

disruption of blood flow to part of brain, quickly becomes hypoxic and damaged.

patient experiences deficits related to part of brain damaged (speech, motor function, memory, etc.)

can be minor or catastrophic

29
Q

what are the 2 types of cerebrovascular accidents (stroke)

A

ischemic (blockage) 80%

hemorrhagic (bleed) 20%

30
Q

what are hemorrhagic strokes, and what are the 2 areas they happen in

A

20% of strokes caused by bleeding in the brain

happens in subarachnoid space - artery at the SURFACE of brain bursts, manifests as severe and sudden headahe.

happens in intracerebral space - artery bursts in brain tissue, disrupting typical flow, tissues become hypoxis

31
Q

what are ischemic strokes

A

80% of strokes

caused by physical blockages of arteries.

can be Thrombotic - blockage created inside brain (clot)

or Embolic - blockage flowed to brain from body (solid, liquid, or gas)

32
Q

what is a TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

caused by reduced flow to brain, most commonly a clot

S\S last minutes to hours (hence transient)

referred to as a warning-stroke or a mini-stroke

33
Q

stroke and TIA S\S

A

weakness

altered speech

pupils not PEARL

headache

dizziness

confusion

change in mood

ringing ears

change in responsiveness

loss of bowel or bladder control

34
Q

to care for stroke or TIA patient

A

Rapid transport ASAP

help managing airway

NO food or drink

Patient positioning with effected side DOWN

NO aspirin

35
Q

how to tell difference between ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke

A

only way is a CAT scan

36
Q

how to assess a stroke or TIA

A

F - face numbness, sagging, or weakness

A- arm numbness or weakness, most commonly one-sided

S- speech effected, slurred speech or difficulty speaking

T - time. when did S\S first occur

37
Q

what is cardiac arrest

A

when heart stops circulating blood

38
Q

what is clinical death

A

cessation of both circulation and respiration. CAN BE REVERSED with CRP and AED interventions

39
Q

what is biological death

A

irreversible death

40
Q

when does clinical death become biological death if no interventions take place

A

somewhere between 6-11 minutes

41
Q

what are some common causes of cardiac arrest

A

stroke

brain damage

cardiovascular disease

respiratory failure

poison

electrocution

drowning

suffocation

certain drugs

chest trauma

severe blood loss

42
Q

what are some warning signs of imminent cardiac arrest

A

sudden cold sweat

chest pain or pressure

shortness of breath

nausea

tingling in jaw, back, shoulder, neck, or arms

43
Q

what does an AED do

A

analyzes hearth rhythm and administers a shock

44
Q

what is heart fibrillation

A

heart arrhythmia that prevents it from circulating blood

45
Q

what are the parts of a AED

A

pads connector

defibrillation pads

shock button

on\off button

active status indicator

usb port

data card

data card access door

46
Q

what are the 4 different heart rhythms

A

normal

asystole

ventricular fibrillation

ventricular tachycardia

47
Q

what is heart asystole

A

no electrical activity - no pumping, no pulse

48
Q

what is heart ventricular fibrillation

A

chaotic discharge of electricity, heart quivers - no pulse

49
Q

what is heart ventricular tachycardia

A

ventricles contracting too rapidly, heart cant refill properly - rapid or no pulse

50
Q

what are shockable and non-shockable heart rhythms

A

shockable are ventricular fibrillation and tachycardia

non-shockable are normal or asystole (no pulse present)

51
Q

what is CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

52
Q

what are the keys to good CPR

A

chest compressions at 120bpm

patient on back on a HARD surface

compression fraction time - % time patient is receiving chest compressions, keep this high

hand position centered on sternum at nipple line

responder position to the side of patient

chest fully recoils between compressions

chest compression depth is 5cm for adults, 1\3rd of chest depth for children or infants

53
Q

when can you stop CPR

A

when more highly trained rescuer arrives and takes over

too exhausted

scene becomes unsafe

pulse now present

54
Q

how to do CPR on pregnant woman

A

put blanket of cushion under RIGHT hip to let gravity help blood get back to heart, perform chest compressions

55
Q

when not to use AED

A

you are in a vehicle

there are flammable materials (O2, etc)

you are touching the patient

AET 260 (2 decks)

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