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AET 260 > CH7 Circulatory Emergencies > Flashcards

CH7 Circulatory Emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

how does a circulatory emergency develop

A

appears sudden, but can have underlying cause that has developed over a period of years or decades

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2
Q

which side of the heart does what

A

right side receives from body and pumps to lungs

left side receives from lungs and pumps to body

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3
Q

definition of cardiovascular disease

A

refers to broad range of conditions affecting heart and blood vessels.

one of leading causes of death worldwide

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4
Q

what are 5 examples of cardiovascular diseases

A

coronary heart disease (CHD)

cerebrovascular disease

congenital heart disease

deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

peripheral arterial disease

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5
Q

what does cardiovascular disease increase risk of

A

CVD increases risk of stroke and myocardial infarctions (heart attack)

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6
Q

what is arteriosclerosis

A

occurs when arteries become hardened, narrowed, and less elastic

occurs gradually, caused by buildup of cholesterol and plaque in arteries

when occurring in a coronary artery it results in coronary heart disease (CHD)

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7
Q

what are some controllable cardiac disease risk factors

A

hypertension

high cholesterol

diabetes

heart disease

weight

alcohol consumption

exercise

smoking

stress

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8
Q

what are some uncontrollable cardiac disease risk factors

A

age

gender

family medical history

ethnicity

history of stroke or TIA

diabetes

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9
Q

what is the main cause of myocardial infarctions (heart attack)

A

O2 cant get to heart muscle, causing cardiac muscle death

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10
Q

why is hypertension a “silent killer”

A

pressure inside blood vessels causes scarring and promotes buildup of fatty plaque, leading to arteriosclerosis

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11
Q

what causes a stroke to occur

A

brain doesn’t get enough O2.

can be caused by a blockage (ischemic) or a bleed (aneurysm)

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12
Q

what is angina

A

intermittent chest pain or pressure

occurs when demands of heart exceeds supply = more blood out than in to CORONARY ATERIES

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13
Q

what are common MOI’s of angina

A

physical activity & exercise

stress

periods of extreme cold or hot

heavy meals

drinking alcohol or smoking

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14
Q

what are the 2 types of angina

A

stable angina

unstable angina

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15
Q

what defines stable angina

A

follows predictable pattern of pain

can be relieved with rest and medication

usually not life threatening

lasts less than 10 minutes

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16
Q

what defines unstable angina

A

pain is not typical for patient

may occur at rest and lasts longer than 10 mins

does not respond to medication

more painful and lasts longer than previous

warning sign that a myocardial infarction is imminent.

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17
Q

what should you do if you suspect either unstable angina or a myocardial infarction

A

because S\S are similar, treatment is the same.

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18
Q

what are the S\S of angina

A

pain in center of chest

tightness, pressure, squeezing, aching in chest or arms

persistent feeling of moderate to severe indigestion

nausea, vomiting

cool, pale skin

discomfort in neck or between shoulder blades

numbness in arms, wrists, shoulders

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19
Q

unstable angina treatment

A

place in position of comfort

assist patient with prescribed medication - nitroglycerin - max doses 3 per 5 min.

aspirin if no nitro - 160-325mg

O2 administration

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20
Q

what is nitroglycerin

A

a vasodilator

comes as a pill or sublingual spray

increases quality of O2 to heart, reduces chest pain

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21
Q

what should you check before administering nitroglycerin

A

check blood pressure

check for erectile dysfunction drugs - is a vasodilator

check how many doses patient has already taken

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22
Q

how much can aspirin (ASA)
reduce risk of death during myocardial infarction

A

up to 25%

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23
Q

what will patient likely have if they have unstable angina

A

nitroglycerin prescription

24
Q

treatment for myocardial infarction

A

same as unstable angina treatments, but patient will likely not have nitroglycerin.

activate EMS EARLY

25
what is congestive heart failure
hearts pumping ability is diminished can be left or right side failure
26
what happens during left sided congestive heart failure
often caused by myocardial infarction or chronic hypertension left ventricle loses ability to pump blood to system. blood coming into left ventricle backs up, causing fluid buildup in lungs S\S increased breathing rate cyanosis coughing up blood increased HR wheezing panic or agitation high blood pressure confusion
27
what happens during right side congestive heart failure
usually occurs due to left side failure and increased pressure back thru the lungs blood backs up in veins of system, causes edema of feet and lower leg by itself is rarely life threatening S\S shortness of breath edema of lower legs more frequent urination jugular vein bulging tachycardia or arrhythmia weakness or fatigue fainting
28
what is a cerebrovascular accident
a stroke disruption of blood flow to part of brain, quickly becomes hypoxic and damaged. patient experiences deficits related to part of brain damaged (speech, motor function, memory, etc.) can be minor or catastrophic
29
what are the 2 types of cerebrovascular accidents (stroke)
ischemic (blockage) 80% hemorrhagic (bleed) 20%
30
what are hemorrhagic strokes, and what are the 2 areas they happen in
20% of strokes caused by bleeding in the brain happens in subarachnoid space - artery at the SURFACE of brain bursts, manifests as severe and sudden headahe. happens in intracerebral space - artery bursts in brain tissue, disrupting typical flow, tissues become hypoxis
31
what are ischemic strokes
80% of strokes caused by physical blockages of arteries. can be Thrombotic - blockage created inside brain (clot) or Embolic - blockage flowed to brain from body (solid, liquid, or gas)
32
what is a TIA
transient ischemic attack caused by reduced flow to brain, most commonly a clot S\S last minutes to hours (hence transient) referred to as a warning-stroke or a mini-stroke
33
stroke and TIA S\S
weakness altered speech pupils not PEARL headache dizziness confusion change in mood ringing ears change in responsiveness loss of bowel or bladder control
34
to care for stroke or TIA patient
Rapid transport ASAP help managing airway NO food or drink Patient positioning with effected side DOWN NO aspirin
35
how to tell difference between ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke
only way is a CAT scan
36
how to assess a stroke or TIA
F - face numbness, sagging, or weakness A- arm numbness or weakness, most commonly one-sided S- speech effected, slurred speech or difficulty speaking T - time. when did S\S first occur
37
what is cardiac arrest
when heart stops circulating blood
38
what is clinical death
cessation of both circulation and respiration. CAN BE REVERSED with CRP and AED interventions
39
what is biological death
irreversible death
40
when does clinical death become biological death if no interventions take place
somewhere between 6-11 minutes
41
what are some common causes of cardiac arrest
stroke brain damage cardiovascular disease respiratory failure poison electrocution drowning suffocation certain drugs chest trauma severe blood loss
42
what are some warning signs of imminent cardiac arrest
sudden cold sweat chest pain or pressure shortness of breath nausea tingling in jaw, back, shoulder, neck, or arms
43
what does an AED do
analyzes hearth rhythm and administers a shock
44
what is heart fibrillation
heart arrhythmia that prevents it from circulating blood
45
what are the parts of a AED
pads connector defibrillation pads shock button on\off button active status indicator usb port data card data card access door
46
what are the 4 different heart rhythms
normal asystole ventricular fibrillation ventricular tachycardia
47
what is heart asystole
no electrical activity - no pumping, no pulse
48
what is heart ventricular fibrillation
chaotic discharge of electricity, heart quivers - no pulse
49
what is heart ventricular tachycardia
ventricles contracting too rapidly, heart cant refill properly - rapid or no pulse
50
what are shockable and non-shockable heart rhythms
shockable are ventricular fibrillation and tachycardia non-shockable are normal or asystole (no pulse present)
51
what is CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
52
what are the keys to good CPR
chest compressions at 120bpm patient on back on a HARD surface compression fraction time - % time patient is receiving chest compressions, keep this high hand position centered on sternum at nipple line responder position to the side of patient chest fully recoils between compressions chest compression depth is 5cm for adults, 1\3rd of chest depth for children or infants
53
when can you stop CPR
when more highly trained rescuer arrives and takes over too exhausted scene becomes unsafe pulse now present
54
how to do CPR on pregnant woman
put blanket of cushion under RIGHT hip to let gravity help blood get back to heart, perform chest compressions
55
when not to use AED
you are in a vehicle there are flammable materials (O2, etc) you are touching the patient

AET 260 (2 decks)

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