CH7 Flashcards
Moral philosophy refers to which of the following?a. The values developed in an organizational environmentb. The overall morality of business activitiesc. The specific principles or rules that people use to decide what is right and wrongd. The legality of a business’s activitiese. The principles or rules that policymakers use to create legislation
c. The specific principles or rules that people use to decide what is right and wrong
Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its consequences for everyone affected (itseeks the greatest good for the greatest number)?
Utilitarianism
Which philosophy stipulates that acts are morally right or acceptable if they produce some desired result, such asrealization of self-interest or utility?
Teleology
Which moral philosophy focuses on the rights of individuals and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior,rather than its consequences?
Deontology
are based on decisions made by groups or when carrying out tasks to meet business objectives?
Business ethics
According to Kohlberg’s model, as a person progresses through the stages of moral development—and with time,education, and experience—which of the following statements is true?a. The individual is unlikely to change his/her values and ethical behavior.b. Cognitive moral development and behavior may change.c. The individual will likely be promoted.d. Significant others become more influential in ethical decision making.e. Opportunity to behave unethically decreases.
b. Cognitive moral development and behavior may change.
An individual who defines what is right by considering their duty to society, not just to other specific people, is inwhich of Kohlberg’s stages of cognitive moral development?
Social system and conscience maintenance
Which of the following is the last of Kohlberg’s stages of cognitive moral development?
Universal ethical principles
A person who offers a facilitation payment in order to secure a contract that will keep their company from goingbankrupt and laying off hundreds of employees is trying to secure the greatest good for the greatest number of people, making them a(n) _______.
utilitarian
moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its conformity to general moral principlesbased on logic and respect for individual rights?
Rule deontology
Considered the father of free market capitalism, which of the following believed that business was and should be guided by the morals of good men?
Adam Smith
The belief that no one thing is intrinsically good is defined as _______.
pluralism
Kant’s categorical imperative and the Golden Rule are examples of which moral philosophy?
Deontology
A marketing manager who orders that a manufacturing plant be refitted to make it safer for workers, no matter whatthe cost because the manager believes in the rights of all individuals, may be considered a(n) _______.
deontologist
Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of principles or rules designed to promote thegreatest overall utility rather than by examining situations individually?
Rule utilitarianism
Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of the equity, fairness, and impartiality of theaction, with rules serving as guidelines in the decision-making process?
Act deontology
Which moral perspective defines ethical behavior subjectively from the unique experiences of individuals and groups?
Relativist perspective
As circumstances evolve, an act can come to be viewed as unethical under which of the following philosophies andperspectives?
Relativist perspective
Instead of focusing on the end result of actions and happiness created by them, which of the following emphasizes themeans and motives by which actions are justified?
Obligation theories
An individual who believes that an action is ethical because others within the individual’s company and industryregularly engage in the activity is probably a(n) _______.
relativist
Enlightened egoism _______.a. is when an individual puts spiritual feelings above all othersb. centers completely on the short-term well-being of othersc. centers on one’s short-term self-interestd. centers on one’s long-term self-interest but takes others’ well-being into accounte. centers on the long-term well-being of others
d. centers on one’s long-term self-interest but takes others’ well-being into account
Which moral philosophy is based on the premise that equal respect must be given to all persons?
Deontology
Which of the following have lower ethical issue sensitivity—meaning they are less likely to detect ethical issues—and may be more committed to completing projects and more dedicated to group values and objectives?
Relativists
Which form of justice is based on the evaluation of outcomes or results of the business relationship?
Distributive
Kohlberg’s six stages of cognitive moral development can be reduced to three levels of ethical concern. Which of thefollowing describes individuals at the second level?a. They define right as that which conforms to the expectations of good behavior of the larger society.b. They see beyond the norms, laws, and authority of groups or individuals.c. They are concerned with their immediate interests and with external rewards and punishments.d. They are concerned with their long-term interests and with internal rewards and punishments.e. They are unethical.
a. They define right as that which conforms to the expectations of good behavior of the larger society.
Which of the following argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standards butalso considering what a mature person with a “good” moral character would deem appropriate?
Virtue ethics
When an individual defines right and wrong on the basis of legal contracts, they are using which of Kohlberg’s stagesof development?a. Punishment and obedience (Stage 1)b. Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (Stage 3)c. Social system and conscience maintenance (Stage 4)d. Prior rights, social contract, or utility (Stage 5)e. Universal ethical principles (Stage 6)
d. Prior rights, social contract, or utility (Stage 5)
Which of the following deals with the issue of what individuals feel they are due based on their rights andperformance in the workplace, and therefore is more likely to be based on deontological moral philosophies than on teleological or utilitarian ones?
Justice
Which of the following is a central problem with relativism?a. It emphasizes people’s differences while ignoring their basic similarities.b. Few people believe that these principles are important.c. It is very complicated.d. It represents unattainable goals.e. Many feel that it only works in theory.
a. It emphasizes people’s differences while ignoring their basic similarities
Which of the following are considered white-collar crimes? (Select four)a. Corporate tax evasionb. Credit card fraudc. Insider tradingd. Identity thefte. Mugging someone
a, b, c, d
An individual who emphasizes others rather than themselves in making decisions is in which of Kohlberg’s stages ofdevelopment?a. Universal ethical principles (Stage 6)b. Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (Stage 3)c. Social system and conscience maintenance (Stage 4)d. Punishment and obedience (Stage 1)e. Prior rights, social contract, or utility (Stage 5)
b. Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (Stage 3)
While he is normally against the idea of harming animals, Eric views animal research in the pharmaceutical industryas a way to improve drugs that will benefit mankind. Which moral philosophy most closely represents Eric’s viewpoint inthis scenario?
Utilitarianism
In Kohlberg’s model, Stage 3 (mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity) differs from Stage 2(individual instrumental purpose and exchange) in terms of the individual’s motives in _______.
considering fairness to others
The elements of trust, self-control, empathy, fairness, and truthfulness that are important to business transactions arepart of which of the following?
Virtue
Which form of justice considers the processes and activities that produce the outcome or results?
Procedural
Which of the following describes the categorical imperative?a. “Pursue pleasure in this lifetime as the ultimate good.”b. “Thou should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people.”c. “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.”d. “Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature.”e. “When in Rome, do as the Romans do.”
d. “Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature.”
Why might an individual’s moral philosophies differ when making a personal decision versus a work-related decision?a. Individuals tend to act more unethically in large work groups than alone.b. Businesses train individuals to adopt different moral philosophies at work.c. Personal temptations are rarely a problem in the business environment.d. Ethics is not held to be a high concern among managers in the workplace.e. Goals and pressures in the workplace are different from those outside of work.
e. Goals and pressures in the workplace are different from those outside of work.
Which of the following is one of the criticisms of Kohlberg’s cognitive moral development theory?a. The original theory was transferred from children to adults.b. It can only apply to those with a deontological perspective.c. It assumes that very few adults ever reach Stage 6.d. The theory has little reliability or validity.e. All moral philosophies are regarded as equal to one another.
a. The original theory was transferred from children to adults.
The concept of moral philosophies is inexact.a. Trueb. False
True
Interactional justice considers the processes and activities that produce a particular outcome.a. Trueb. False
False
Teleological philosophies assess the moral worth of a behavior by looking at its consequences, and thus moralphilosophers today often refer to these theories as consequentialism.a. Trueb. False
True
The moral philosophy of idealism views ethics as whether an act produces more economic value for its effort.a. Trueb. False
False
Economist Adam Smith viewed profit as the ultimate goal of an enterprise and did not believe it was businesses’responsibility to be concerned about their impact on society.a. Trueb. False
False
Which philosophy defines right or acceptable actions as those that maximize a particular person’s self-interest as defined by the individual?
Egoism
The famous statement “Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature” isreferred to as _______.
categorical imperative
Which of the following is defined as regard for certain behaviors as inherently right, and the determination of this rightness focuses on the individual actor, not on society?
Nonconsequentialism
Economic value orientation is associated with
Values quantified by monetary means
