Ch.6 Memory

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

The process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory. Part of information processing

Question 2

Storage

Answer 2

The process of keeping and maintaining information and Memory. Part of information processing

Question 3

Retrieval

Answer 3

The process of bringing tomorrow and information that has been stored in memory. Part of information processing

Question 4

Memory

Answer 4

The process of encoding storage and retrieval of information

Question 5

Sensory memory

Answer 5

The memory system that holds information from the senses for a period Ranging from only a fraction of a second to about two seconds

Question 6

Eidetic

Answer 6

The ability to retain the image of a visual stimulus for several minutes after it has been removed from the view and to use this retained image to answer questions about the visual stimulus

Question 7

Short-term memory

Answer 7

The component of the memory system that holds about seven items for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal. Also called working memory.

Question 8

Displacement

Answer 8

The event that occurs when the short-term memory is filled to capacity in each new incoming Item pushes out an existing item which is then forgotten

Question 9

Chunking

Answer 9

A memory strategy that involves grouping or organizing bits of information into larger units which are easier to remember

Question 10

Rehearsal

Answer 10

Active purposely repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory

Question 11

Working memory

Answer 11

The memory subsystem that we use when we try to understand information remember it or use it to solve a problem or communicate with someone

Question 12

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 12

Repeating information over and over again until it is no longer needed may eventually lead to storage of information and long-term memory

Question 13

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 13

A memory strategy that involves relating new information to something that is already known

Question 14

Levels of processing model

Answer 14

The Maybry model that describes maintenance rehearsal as shallow processing and elaborative rehearsal as deep processing

Question 15

Automaticity

Answer 15

The ability to recall information from long-term memory without effort

Question 16

Long-term memory

Answer 16

The memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a persons permanent or relatively permanent memories

Question 17

Declarative memory

Answer 17

Subsystem with a long-term memory that stores facts information or personal life events that brought them on verbally or in form of images also called explicit memory

Question 18

Episodic memory

Answer 18

The top of declarative memory that records events as they have been subjectively experienced

Question 19

Semantic memory

Answer 19

Tapas declarative memory that stores general knowledge or objective facts of information

Question 20

Non-declarative memory

Answer 20

The subsystem in long-term memory that stores motor skills habits and simple classically conditioned responses also called implicit memory

Question 21

Recall

Answer 21

A memory task in which a person was produced required information the starting memory

Question 22

Retrieval clue

Answer 22

Any stimulus a bit of information that I need to retrieving particular information from long-term memory

Question 23

Recognition

Answer 23

And they were task in which a person must simply identify material as familiar as having been encountered before

Question 24

Re Learning method

Answer 24

A measure of memory in which retention is expressed as a percentage of time saved with the material is relearn compared with the time required to learn the material originally

Question 25

Serial position effect

Answer 25

The finding that for information learned in the sequence recall is better for the beginning and ending items then for the middle

Question 26

Primacy effect

Answer 26

The tendency to recall the first Items in a sequence more readily than the middle Items

Question 27

Recency effect

Answer 27

The tendency to recall the last items in a sequence more readily than those in the middle

Question 28

Context effect

Answer 28

Tendency to encode elements of a physical setting in which information is learn along with memory of the information

Question 29

Reconstruction

Answer 29

The account of an event that has been pieced together from a few highlights

Question 30

Schemas

Answer 30

Frameworks of knowledge and assumptions that we have about people objects and events

Question 31

Source memory

Answer 31

Re-collection of the circumstances in which you formed a memory

Question 32

Source monitoring

Answer 32

Intentionally keeping track of the sources of incoming information

Question 33

Flashbulb memories

Answer 33

Memories for shocking emotion provoking events that include information about the source

Question 34

Autobiographical memories

Answer 34

We collections that a person includes in an account of the events of his or her own life

Question 35

Positive bias

Answer 35

The tendency for Pleasant autobiographical memories to be more easily recalled an unpleasant ones

Question 36

Expertise

Answer 36

Amount of background knowledge that is relevant to the reconstructive memory task

Question 37

Forgetting

Answer 37

The inability to bring them on information that was previously remembered

Question 38

Curve of forgetting

Answer 38

The pattern of forgetting discovered by ebbinghaus which shows that forgetting tapers off after a period of rapid information loss that immediately follows learning

Question 39

Encoding failure

Answer 39

Because of forgetting that occurs when information was never put into long-term memory

Question 40

Decay Theory

Answer 40

The oldest area forgetting which holds that memories if not used fade with time and ultimately disappear altogether

Question 41

Interference

Answer 41

Because of forgetting that occurs because information or associations stored either before or after a given memory hinder the ability to remember it

Question 42

Consolidation failure

Answer 42

Any disruption in the consolidation process that prevents a long-term memory from forming

Question 43

Motivated forgetting

Answer 43

Forgetting through suppression or repression in an effort to protect oneself for material that is painful frightening or otherwise a pleasant

Question 44

Prospective forgetting

Answer 44

Not remembering to carry out some intended action

Question 45

Retrieval failure

Answer 45

Not remembering something one is certain of knowing

Question 46

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

Answer 46

The experience of knowing that a particular piece of information has been learned that being unable to retrieve it

Question 47

Information processing theory

Answer 47

A framework for studying memory that uses the computer as a model of human cognitive processes. (Mayer) 2012