Ch.6 how cells harvest chemical energy Flashcards
What does the abbreviation ATP refer to in scientific terminology?
Adenosine triphosphate
Where specifically within eukaryotic cells does the Krebs cycle occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
What does ATP synthase convert into ATP?
ADP
What is the primary function of lactic acid fermentation in cells?
Generate ATP
- Lactic acid fermentation occurs in cells when oxygen is limited during intense exercise to produce ATP for energy.
- This process helps cells continue generating ATP even without oxygen by converting pyruvate to lactic acid.
- Although less efficient than aerobic respiration, lactic acid fermentation quickly provides ATP for muscle cells during strenuous activity.
What does the term “proteome” refer to?
the complete set of proteins produced by a cell type.
In biological systems, what role can amino groups of molecules play regarding protons?
Act as bases and pick up protons.
- Amino groups in molecules can act as bases by accepting protons, helping maintain pH balance in biological systems.
- by picking up protons, amino groups can regulate the acidity levels within cells and support various biochemical reactions.
- Understanding the role of amino groups in proton exchange is crucial for comprehending processes like protein structure and enzyme activity
Compare and contrast the location of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle within the cell.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, while the citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria.
Compare and contrast the light-dependent and light-independent reactions in photosynthesis
The light-dependent reactions require light to occur, while the light-independent reactions do not.
True or False
Oxygen is essential for cellular respiration, a process that breaks down food molecules to create energy.
True;
Oxygen is essential for cellular respiration because it serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, the last stage of aerobic respiration. During cellular respiration, food molecules are broken down in a series of metabolic pathways to generate ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Without oxygen, the electron transport chain cannot function properly, leading to a halt in ATP production and ultimately causing the cell to die due to lack of energy.
True or false?
Oxidation reactions are crucial in biological processes such as respiration and photosynthesis
True:
Oxidation reactions are crucial in biological processes such as respiration and photosynthesis because they involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another. In respiration, oxidation reactions break down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. This process involves the oxidation of glucose and the reduction of oxygen to form water. In photosynthesis, oxidation reactions occur during the light-dependent reactions where water is oxidized to produce oxygen, electrons, and protons. These electrons are then used in the production of ATP and NADPH, which are essential for the synthesis of glucose during the light-independent reactions. Overall, oxidation reactions play a fundamental role in the energy production and synthesis of organic molecules necessary for the survival of living organisms.
In a regulatory system, what is the tern for the process where the end product hinders its own production?
Feedback inhibition
- A regulatory mechanism in which the end product inhibits its own production.
Fill in the blank:
During _________, plants release oxygen as a byproduct.
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen.
- Oxygen is released as a byproduct during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis when water is split to produce oxygen molecules.
Fill in the blank:
________ plays a crucial role in the aerobic respiration of cells
Citric Acid Cycle
- The Citric Acid Cycle, also known as the Krebs Cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells during aerobic respiration.
- It is a vital part of the process that breaks down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP.
- The Citric Acid Cycle produces high-energy molecules that are used in the electron transport chain to generate the majority of ATP in cellular respiration.
Fill in the blank
In the process of development, cells often differentiate from an ________ state to a specialized form.
Intermediate
- During development, cells go through differentiation where they transform from a less specialized state to a more specialized state.
- The term “intermediate” in this context refers to the transitional stage between a less specialized cell and a fully specialized cell.
- Therefore, the correct term to fill in the blank is “Intermediate” as it represents the stage in the process of development where cells are transitioning towards a specialized form.
What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?
To generate ATP
Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
Cytosol
What molecules is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen
What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
2
During cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is produced during which process?
Citric acid cycle
What is the role of NADH in cellular respiration?
It acts as an electron carrier
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
Mitochondrial matrix
Which process produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?
Oxidative phosphorylation
Which stage of cellular respiration does not require oxygen?
Glycolysis
In the absence of oxygen, which process occurs in muscle cells?
Lactic acid fermentation
How many NADH molecules are produced during the citric acid cycle per glucose molecule?
6
What molecule is pyruvate converted to before entering the citric acid cycle?
Acetyl-CoA
What process occurs in the mitochondria to generate AtP using a proton gradient?
Chemiosmosis
What is the primary purpose of fermentation?
To regenerate NAD+
During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is produced by which enzyme?
ATP synthase
What is the end product of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
How many molecules of ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?
32
Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?
ATP
