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AP Biology > Ch.5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Ch.5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Four classes of large biological molecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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2
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large, complex molecules

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3
Q

Polymers

A

Long molecules consisting of many similar building blocks.

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4
Q

Monomers

A

Repeating units, building blocks.

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5
Q

Enzymes

A

Specialized macromolecules that speed up or catalyze chemical reactions. Most are proteins.

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6
Q

Ribozymes

A

Enzymes made up of RNA.

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7
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

When two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule.

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8
Q

Hydrolysis

A

When polymers are disassembled into monomers through the addition of a water molecule.

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9
Q

Metabolic Water

A

When your body chemically creates water rather than getting it from an outside source like water or the environment.

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10
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars and the polymers of sugars. 2:1 ratio.

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11
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Monomers in carbohydrates. Simple sugars responsible for major fuel in cells (ATP), and the building material for other molecules.

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12
Q

Simple Sugars

A

3-7 C atoms with a carbonyl group.

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13
Q

Aldose

A

Aldehyde sugars

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14
Q

Ketose

A

Ketone sugars

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15
Q

Triose

A

3 C sugar

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16
Q

Pentose

A

5 C sugar

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17
Q

Hexose

A

6 C Sugar

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18
Q

Disaccharide

A

Formed when dehydration synthesis joins two monosaccharides.

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19
Q

Glycosidic Linkages

A

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis.

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20
Q

Maltose

A

A disaccharide of glucose + glucose. Malt sugar used to ferment/make alcohol.

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21
Q

Sucrose

A

A disaccharide of glucose + fructose. Table sugar made by plants and used in baking.

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22
Q

Lactose

A

A disaccharide of glucose + galactose. Milk sugar found in dairy products.

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23
Q

Monosaccharides you must know

A

Fructose, Galactose, Glucose

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24
Q

Glucose

A

Sugar of life, C6H12O6

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25
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A

When someone lacks lactase, so they cannot digest lactose.

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26
Q

Lactase

A

Enzyme that breaks down lactose.

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27
Q

Polysaccharides

A

The polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles.

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28
Q

Starch

A

Short-term energy storage in plants. Stored as granules within chloroplasts and plastids.

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29
Q

Amylose

A

Simplest form of starch.

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30
Q

Amyloplasts

A

Organelles that store starch.

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31
Q

Glycogen

A

Short-term energy storage in animals. Made by vertebrae in the liver, stored in muscle tissue.

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32
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural polysaccharide in plants. Used to build the cell wall. Unbranched and never spirals.

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33
Q

Cellulase

A

Enzyme needed to digest cellulose. NO LIVING ANIMAL CAN DIGEST CELLULOSE

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34
Q

Chitin

A

Strucutral “polysaccharide”. Found in the exoskeleton of arthropods. Not technically a true polysaccharide.

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35
Q

Cell walls of fungi, exoskeletons of arthropods.

A

The two places in the natural world where chitin is found.

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36
Q

Microfibrils

A

Parallel cellulose molecules held together by hydrogen bonds; located in plant cell walls and considered a strong building material

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37
Q

Lipids

A

Large biological molecules that don’t include true polymers (can’t go on forever). Hydrophobic, nonpolar, consist mostly of hydrocarbon regions
Lighter way to store calories, cushions vital organs.

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38
Q

Triglycerides

A

Long-term energy storage (fats and oils). Has 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol.

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39
Q

Ester Linkages

A

Type of bond between the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. Bond positively with our taste receptors.

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40
Q

Fats

A

Solid at room temperature, produced by animals. Saturated with no C-to-C double bonds. Insulation.

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41
Q

Adipose Cells

A

Where humans/mammals store their long-term food reserves; they swell and shrink as fat is deposited and withdrawn from storage

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42
Q

Oils

A

Liquid at room temperature, produced by plants. Unsaturated. One or more C-to-C double bonds (has bending that prevents them from being densely packed).

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43
Q

Hydrogenate

A

Adding H2 to an unsaturated fat, getting rid of the double bond and straightening the kink. Allows the molecule to bond, causing it to turn from an unsaturated fat (oil) to a saturated fat (fat).

44
Q

Phospholipids

A

The components that make up all biological membranes. Two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol. Polar head group forms hydrogen bonds with water.

45
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

A fluid double layer of phospholipids in a membrane.

46
Q

Steroids

A

Characterized by 4-fused C rings.

47
Q

Cholesterol

A

Does opposite functions depending on whether the membrane is too thick or too thin. Non-polar steroid found in animal membranes as structure. Made in the liver. Precursor molecule that other steroids are made from.

48
Q

Function of cholesterol in high temperatures.

A

Strengthens the membrane by promoting bonding to fill in gaps in the membrane, preventing it from getting to weak (melting).

49
Q

Function of cholesterol in low temperatures.

A

Serves as a wedge spacing the bilayer out when it begins to get too dense to prevent freezing.

50
Q

Hormones

A

Molecules for cell-to-cell communication.

51
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Produces adrenaline, fight or flight instinct. Releases mass amounts of steroid hormones.

52
Q

Testosterone and Estrogen

A

Sex hormones made in the testes and ovaries.

53
Q

Anabolic Steroids

A

Testosterone mimic. Bonds in such a way that it causes the taker to grow muscle

54
Q

Proteins

A

Biologically functional molecules that consist of one or more polypeptides.
More variety than any other molecule. Functions for defense, transport, cellular communication (hormones), movement, and structural support.
Constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids.

55
Q

Polypeptides

A

Unbranched polymers built from amino acids.

56
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Covalent bond formed between amino acids through dehydration synthesis.

57
Q

Characteristics of amino acid side chains (R-Groups).

A

Some are non-polar, some are polar. Some are acidic, some are basic. Will NEVER have phosphorus.

58
Q

N-terminus

A

Amino end of a polypeptide chain.

59
Q

C-terminus

A

Carboxyl end of a polypeptide chain.

60
Q

Antibodies

A

Defense proteins that bond to molecules to deactivate them.

61
Q

Virus

A

Non-living (no cells) protein and genetic molecule. Infective particles. Spreads through infecting a living cell and hijacking it to spread. Bond to receptors on the surface of the cell.

62
Q

Vaccines

A

Injects deactivated virus into our systems so our immune system can create antibodies against it.

63
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

64
Q

Four levels of protein structure

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

65
Q

Primary Structure

A

Order of amino acids. Most important structure because it gives rise to the other levels.

66
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets. Regions of coiling or back-and-forth folding of part of the polypeptide. Caused by hydrogen bonding between the NCC backbone, not R-Groups.

67
Q

Alpha Helix

A

Elastic coiling.

68
Q

Beta pleated sheets

A

Rippled strands that are usually smooth.

69
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide. Caused by weak bonding and disulfide bridges amongst R-Groups.

70
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Overall 3D shape of a protein that has more than one polypeptide chain.

71
Q

Collagen

A

3 polypeptides (alpha helixs) all wound together like a rope. Elastic, and found in the skin.

72
Q

Globular Protein

A

Roughly spherically shaped proteins. If it folds into a blob its a glob.

73
Q

Fibrous Protein

A

Strands of protein.

74
Q

Defensive Protein

A

Protection against disease

75
Q

Storage Protein

A

Storage of amino acids

76
Q

Hormonal Protein

A

Coordination of an organism’s activities

77
Q

Receptor Protein

A

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

78
Q

Contractile/Motor Protein

79
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Carries oxygen in the body.

80
Q

Prosthetic Group

A

A non-protein group that bonds to a protein to help it perform its function.

81
Q

Heme Group

A

Binds oxygen to iron.

82
Q

Denaturation

A

Affects (usually breaking) weak bonds.

83
Q

Best ways to denature a protein.

A

Heat, change in pH, increase in salt concentration, changing solvent from polar to non-polar

84
Q

Two types of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

85
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Everything outside the nucleus (including organelles) within the plasma membrane.

86
Q

Cytosol

A

The viscous liquid in the cell where organelles are suspended.

87
Q

Nucleotides

A

Monomers of nucleic acids.

88
Q

Nucleoside

A

Portion of a nucleotide without any phosphate groups

89
Q

Three parts of nucleotides.

A
  1. 5-C sugars (pentose)
  2. Phosphate group
  3. Nitrogenous bases
90
Q

5 N-Bases

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

91
Q

Ribose

A

Pentose in RNA

92
Q

Deoxyribose

A

Pentose in DNA

93
Q

N-Bases in DNA

A

A, C, G, T

94
Q

N-Bases in RNA

A

A, C, G, U

95
Q

Purines

A

2 fused rings, A, and G.

96
Q

Pyrimidines

A

1 ring, C, T, and U.

97
Q

Replication

A

Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA

98
Q

Transcription

A

Making DNA into mRNA

99
Q

Translation

A

Making proteins from mRNA

100
Q

DNA -> mRNA -> Protein

A

The Central Dogma

101
Q

Ribsomes

A

Reads the code of mRNA; is a large subunit bonded to a small subunit; only exists when doing translation

102
Q

Gene

A

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

103
Q

Gene expression

A

The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins

104
Q

Antiparallel

A

Arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (run in opposite 5’ S 3’ directions)

105
Q

Genome

A

The entire sequence of the full complement of DNA

AP Biology (8 decks)

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