Ch.5 Structure & Function of...Molecules Flashcards
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds
Polymer
A Giant Molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction
Macromolecules
The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer
Monomer
A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction w/o being consumed by the reaction. Most are proteins.
Enzymes
A chemical reaction that breaks bonds btwn two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers
Hydrolysis
The simplest carb, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides & polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction
Disaccharides
A covalent bond formed btwn two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
Glycosidic Linkage
A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by a glycosidic linkage
Starch
A structural polysaccharide of a plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by ß glycosidic linkages
Cellulose
A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many Fungal Cell Walls & in the exoskeletons of all the arthropods
Chitin
Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, & steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, w/water
Lipids
A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called triglyceride
Fats
A carboxylic acid w/a long carbon chain. Fatty acids vary in length & in the number & location of double bonds
Fatty Acid
A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds
Saturated Fatty Acid
Fatty acid that has one or more double bonds btwn carbons in the hydrocarbon tail
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids & a phosphate group
Phospholipids
A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings w/ various chemical groups attached
Steroids
A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes & acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones.
Cholesterol
The covalent bond btwn the carboxyl group on one amino acid & the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction
Peptide Bond
A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the ß- globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing the red blood cell
Sickle Cell Disease
In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds & interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive
Denaturation
An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl & and an amino group. Serves as the monomers of polypeptides
Amino Acid
A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins
Nucleic Acid
A double stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers w/a deoxyribose sugar & the nitrogenous bases Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, & Thymine: A,C,G,T
DNA
A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers w/a ribose sugar & the nitrogenous bases Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, & Uracil: A,C,G,U
RNA
The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base & one or more phosphate groups
Nucleotide
One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides consisting of Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Uracil (U)
Pyrimidine
One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides consisting of Adenine (A) & Guanine (G)
Purine
The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape
Double-Helix
C6H12O6 Is the most common monosaccharide
Glucose
A cardiovascular disease in which fatty deposits called plaques develop in the inner walls of the arteries, obstructing the arteries & causing them to harden
Atherosclerosis
One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back & forth
B-Pleaded Sheath
A hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells that raises blood glucose lvls… Liver and Muscle Tissue
Glucagon
A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer
Disulfide Linkage
The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide
Quaternary Structure
A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding btwn atoms of the polypeptide backbone
Alpha Helix
