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psya01 > ch5 - sensation and perception > Flashcards

ch5 - sensation and perception Flashcards

1
Q

a sensation

A

when features of the environment are transformed into the electrochemical language of the brain

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2
Q

a perception

A

sensory message combined with previous experiences by the brain

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3
Q

what processes are combined to process sensations

A

bottom-up processing and top-down processing

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4
Q

bottom-up processing

A

neural processing that starts with the physical message or sensation

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5
Q

top-down processing

A

when neural messages are combined with previous understanding of the world to interpret the information in a way that has value

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6
Q

which principle of Gestalt allows you to perceive a specific thing and lets you filter out the rest as a background

A

principle of figure-ground

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7
Q

which principle of Gestalt states that objects that are physically similar to one another will be grouped together

A

principle of similarity

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8
Q

which principle of Gestalt states that objects are close to one another will be grouped together (ex. three columns of 12 vs 36 individual dots)<img></img>

A

principle of proximity

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9
Q

which principle of Gestalt states that individuals tend to perceive whole objects even when part of the information is missing (ex. circle drawn w dotted lines)

A

principle of closure

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10
Q

which prinicple of Gestalt states that if lines cross each other, or are interrupted, individuals tend to still see continuously flowing lines<br></br><img></img>

A

principle of good continuation

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11
Q

what principle of Gestalt states that objects that are moving together will be grouped together (seeing a whole group instead of mass of individuals)

A

principle of common fate

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12
Q

role of cornea

A

a transparent protective layer that contributes the ability to focus on something

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13
Q

role of pupil

A

a hole allowing light to enter the eye; adjusts based on environment

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14
Q

how does the pupil change when it is dark

A

dialates

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15
Q

what lighting condition causes the pupil to dialate

A

dark

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16
Q

what lighting condition causes the pupil to contract

A

bright

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17
Q

how does the pupil change when bright

A

contracts

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18
Q

cause of myopia

A

when the eyes are longer than average, so the lens focus the image before it reaches the retina, and by that time the image is no longer clear

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19
Q

what condition is when the eyes are longer than average

A

myopia

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20
Q

what condition is when eyes are shorter than average

A

hyperopia

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21
Q

cause of hyperopia

A

shorter eyes, so when the image arrives at the retina it is not in focus yet, and will appear blurry

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22
Q

at what distances do individuals with myopia see clearer

A

short

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23
Q

at what distances do individuals with hyperopia see clearer

A

further

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24
Q

what eye structure has no function but gives color

A

iris

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25
Q

what photosensitive cells does the fovea consist

A

cones

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26
Q

at what light conditions do cones respond best in, and what is the function

A

bright; visual acuity

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27
Q

at what light conditions do rods respond best in, and when are they the primary cells used

A

at lower levels of light; night vision

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28
Q

function of diffuse bipolar cells

A

receives info from many rods and sends one message to M-cells

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29
Q

function of midget bipolar cells

A

receives info from one cone and sends one message to a P-cell

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30
Q

function of P-cells

A

receives info from midget bipolar cells and sends info to brain about qualities of colour and detail

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31
Q

function of M-cells

A

receive signals from diffuse bipolar cells and send info to brain about motion and visual stimuli in the periphery

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32
Q

what happens to the center-on and center-off cells when light falls on center-off cells

A

inhibition of center-on cells and excitement of center-off cells

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33
Q

what happens with center-on and center-on cells when a point of light falls on the center of the retina

A

inhibition of center-off cells and excitement of center-on cells

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34
Q

what is the firing rate distribution across the retina when the entire receptive field is illuminated and why

A

equal rates; allows the communication that there is no discernible differences in light

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35
Q

function of optic chiasm

A

axons from each eye are crossed to be reorganized for processing

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36
Q

where is the LGN

A

thalamus

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37
Q

function of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

split into 6 layers, where each layer processes specific sensations that correspond to M and P cells

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38
Q

where is the visual cortex located

A

occipital lobe

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39
Q

retinotopic organization

A

neurons maintain a specific organization in a way that corresponds with the picture seen as it is processed in the LGN and striate cortex

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40
Q

feature detector cells

A

specialized cells in the VC that respond to specific visual stimuli

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41
Q

function of simple cells

A

responds to small stationary bars of light oriented at specific angles

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42
Q

function of complex cells

A

responds to lines of particular orientations that are moving in specific directions

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43
Q

function of temporal lobe in vision

A

identification of information

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44
Q

what stream does information travel along to go from the VC to the temporal lobe

A

ventral stream

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45
Q

what stream does information travel along to go from the VC to the parietal lobe

A

dorsal stream

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46
Q

function of parietal lobe in vision

A

identify object location

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47
Q

what is the role of the limbic system in vision

A

emotional response for the visual stimulus

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48
Q

why was the perception of color evolved to be possible

A

allowed ancestors to derive useful information

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49
Q

what wavelength does S-cones respond to and what color is perceived

A

short wavelengths; blue

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50
Q

what wavelength does M-cones respond to and what color is perceived

A

medium wavelengths; green

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51
Q

what wavelength do L-cones repond to and what color is perceived

A

long wavelengths; red

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52
Q

trichromatic theory

A

color information is identified by comparing the activation of different cones

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53
Q

how does the trichromatic theory explain color blindness

A

cells respond equally to both wavelengths due to a type of cone giving another pigment, therefore the brain cannot distinguish the actual colours bc the cells react the same when two different colours are given

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54
Q

opponent process theory

A

colors are paired so cells only increase its firing rate if it receives a message from a certain color, and will decrease if it receives its opposite color

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55
Q

color paired with red in the opponent process theory

A

green

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56
Q

color paired with blue in the opponent process theory

A

yellow

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57
Q

color paired with black in opponent process theory

A

white

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58
Q

T/F: culture can influence how colors are perceived, named, and classified

A

TRUE

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59
Q

what colors are recognized by all cultures

A

red, black, white

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60
Q

what processes does the brain use to perceive depth

A

bottom-up and top-down

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61
Q

monocular depth cues/pictorial cues

A

depth cues that only requires one eye

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62
Q

where does the opponent process occur

A

LGN

63
Q

occlusion depth cue

A

when an image partially blocks the view of a second object, the partially hidden object is seen as further away than the whole object (depth cue)

64
Q

relative height depth cue

A

objects closer to the horizon appears further away (depth cue)

65
Q

relative size depth cue

A

when seeing two objects of equal size, the one that is further away takes up a smaller portion of the retina (depth cue)

66
Q

perspective convergence/linear perspective depth cue

A

as parallel lines move away from the eye, the lines seem to converge (ex. landscapes) (depth cue)

67
Q

familiar size depth cue

A

when distances are judged based on knowledge of that object’s size (depth cue)

68
Q

atmospheric perspective depth cue

A

distant objects appear hazy and have a blue tint due to particles occupying the space in between (depth cue)

69
Q

binocular depth cues

A

requires input and comparison of both eyes; depth is calculated by the brain by comparing the two inputs

70
Q

retinal disparity

A

each retina perceives a slightly different image bc they are in different positions

71
Q

when is retinal disparity minimized

A

when images are further away

72
Q

what properties of a wave determines the loudness of a sound

A

amplitude

73
Q

what properties of a wave determines the pitch of a sound

A

frequency

74
Q

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A

<img></img>

75
Q

what is the order of structures which sound travels through

A

pinna, tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window, cochlea, cilia, auditory nerve to brain

76
Q

function of pinna

A

shaped to filter the sound into the ear canal

77
Q

function of tympanic membrane

A

transfers sound from the ear canal to ossicles

78
Q

function of ossicles

A

to help amplify the vibrations for when sound is in the inner ear

79
Q

function of oval window

A

connected to the stapes and transfers vibrations to the cochlea

80
Q

function of cilia in ears

A

attached to sensory hair cells which sends excitatory messsages to brain via the auditory nerve

81
Q

how does transduction occur in the ear

A

when the vibrations against the oval window cause the fluid inside the cochlea to move, which will cause the basilar membrane to ripple, then cause cilia to bend and send excitatory messages

82
Q

function of basilar membrane

A

a flexible tissue inside the cochlea which ripples when the cochlea fluid moves, causing cilia to bend

83
Q

what are the names of the three ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes

84
Q

place theory

A

different frequencies of sound influence the cells in the basilar membrane differently, the brain uses the location of neural firing on the basilar membrane to understand pitch

85
Q

what frequency of sounds are heard when cells closest to the oval window are excited

A

high

86
Q

what frequency of sounds are heard when cells deeper in the cochlea are excited

A

low

87
Q

frequency theory

A

the brain uses information related to the rate of cells firing to perceive pitch; the faster the cells fire, the higher the pitch

88
Q

where is the auditory cortex located

A

temporal lobe

89
Q

where are the different componeents of sound organized and analyzed in the thalamus

A

medial geniculate nucleus

90
Q

tonotopic organization

A

spatial organization of the basilar membrane is maintained through the auditory pathway

91
Q

what are the special characteristics of auditory cells because timing is critical to understanding sound

A

rapid action potentials and large terminal buttons

92
Q

hierarchical organization of sound processing

A

pure tones are processed earlier in the auditory pathway, and more complicated sounds are processed further along the pathway

93
Q

how does the brain locate sounds

A

by comparing information arriving in both ears

94
Q

binaural cues

A

auditory cues that require comparing between information from both ears

95
Q

interaural time differences (binaural cue)

A

localizes sounds from the left and right accurately by making comparisons between the arrival time of a sound in each ear (binaural cue)

96
Q

interaural level differences (binaural cue)

A

the ear closest to the sound will perceive the noise as slightly louder than the other ear bc the sound travels through the brain which absorbs a small portion of the sound before reaching the second ear (binaural cue)

97
Q

McGurk effect

A

illusion where the perception of sound changes based on visual clues, bc the brain uses visual info to help interpret sounds that have similar signatures

98
Q

what senses are the chemical senses

A

smell and taste

99
Q

how are chemoreceptors activated to analyze chemical stimuli (smell/taste)

A

physical stimuli must be ingested

100
Q

where do ORNs send messages to after molecules interact with receptors

A

olfactory bulb

101
Q

where is the olfactory bulb

A

brain

102
Q

where in the olfactory bulb do ORNs send signals to

A

glomeruli

103
Q

what does taste perception rely on

A

correlation between molecular properties of a substnace and the effect of the substance on the body

104
Q

what are the five basic tastes

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

105
Q

papillae

A

bump structures on the tongue where taste buds are located

106
Q

filiform papillae

A

type of papillae that is on the entire surface of the tongue, giving it a fuzzy appearance, but do not contain taste buds

107
Q

fungiform papillae

A

type of papillae on tips and sides of the tongue, and has a mushroom-like appearance

108
Q

foliate papillae

A

type of papillae at the back of the tongue and looks like folds

109
Q

circumvallate papillae

A

type of papillae at the back of the tongue and are shaped like mounds

110
Q

how many taste sensitive cells do taste buds contain and what does it protrude into

A

50-100; taste pore

111
Q

how does transduction occur in taste perception

A

when chemicals bind to receptor sites on the taste pore

112
Q

to where are chemical messages sent to after reaching the taste pore via the afferent nerve

A

brain and stomach

113
Q

function of afferent nerve in taste perception

A

sends messages from taste pore to brain and stomach

114
Q

why is info sent to stomach after reaching the taste pore in taste perception

A

so the body can metabolically prepare for food

115
Q

which part of the brain does info get sent for taste perception

A

OFC (orbitofrontal cortex)

116
Q

OFC

A

orbitofrontal cortex

117
Q

function of OFC in taste perception

A

combines sensations of taste and smell, and receives visual information

118
Q

what is the physical message of touch

A

pressure

119
Q

which cortex is info about touch sent to by receptors in skin

A

somatosensory cortex

120
Q

where is the somatosensory cortex located

A

parietal lobe

121
Q

when do Merkel receptors fire, and what info does it send

A

as long as the skin is making contact; fine details

122
Q

when are Meissner receptors fired

A

when the skin first encounters a stimulus and when it is removed

123
Q

where are Ruffini cylinder and Pacinian corpuscles located

A

deeper in the skin

124
Q

function of Ruffini cylinder

A

associated with interpreting the stretching of the skin (mechnoreceptor)

125
Q

function of Pacinian corpuscle

A

feels vibration and texture (mechanoreceptor)

126
Q

function of thermoreceptors

A

senses temperature

127
Q

pain

A

adaptive response to tissue damage

128
Q

what receptor detects pain

A

nociceptor

129
Q

gate control theory of pain

A

impulses that indicate painful stimuli can be blocked in the spinal cord by signals sent from the brain (ex. when deeply engaged in physical task, brain will prioritize mobility over pain perception)

130
Q

function of small diameter fibers (S-fibers) (pain perception)

A

fire to damaging and painful stimuli, which activates T-cells

131
Q

function of large diameter fibers (L-fibers)

A

sends signals to the brain about stimulation that is not painful and inhibits activation of T-cells

132
Q

what is not explained by the gate control theory of pain

A

chronic pain

133
Q

why is experience of pain susceptible to placebo

A

expectations of pain reduction leads to alleviation of pain

134
Q

congenital analgesia

A

inability to perceive pain and temperature

135
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

provides basic understanding of where our body is in space and how to move our bodies to accomplish tasks

136
Q

what senses does the kinesthetic sense rely on

A

touch, receptors in joints and muscles

137
Q

which cortex is info sent to to create a kinesthetic sense

A

somatosensory

138
Q

vestibular sense

A

sense of balance

139
Q

where are vestibular sensory cells located

A

cochlea

140
Q

function of semicircular canals (vestibular sense)

A

sense changes in acceleration and rotation of head, has hair cells that respond to gravitational force

141
Q

function of vestibular sacs in vestibular sense

A

responds to cues associated with a sense of balance and posture

142
Q

which system is closely integrate with the vestibular system

A

visual

143
Q

goal of psychophysics

A

to evaluate the way the physical experience of light, sound, and chemicals in the nose are translated into psychological perceptions

144
Q

stimulus detection

A

to find the minimum amount of stimulus required to generate a sensation (methods of investigating sensation and perception)

145
Q

absolute threshold (of a stimulus)

A

the level of intensity required to create a conscious experience 50% of the time

146
Q

liberal response bias

A

when individuals report the presence of a stimulus when none is presented, or detects more stimulus when they are presented

147
Q

false alarm (liberal response bias)

A

reporting a stimulus when none is presented

148
Q

high hit rate (liberal response bias)

A

detecting more stimuli when they are presented

149
Q

conservative bias (signal detection)

A

when individuals say no stimulus was presented when one is presented, or state no stimulus is present when there is no stimulus

150
Q

high miss rate (conservative bias)

A

when individuals state no stimulus is presented when one is presented

151
Q

high correct rejection rate (conservative bias)

A

when individuals state there is no stimulus when no stimulus is presented

152
Q

difference threshold

A

smallest amount of a stimulus required for a difference in magnitude to be detected

153
Q

Weber’s law

A

the more intense the stimulus, the larger the required change to notice a difference

psya01 (2 decks)

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