ch5 - sensation and perception Flashcards
1
Q
a sensation
A
when features of the environment are transformed into the electrochemical language of the brain
2
Q
a perception
A
sensory message combined with previous experiences by the brain
3
Q
what processes are combined to process sensations
A
bottom-up processing and top-down processing
4
Q
bottom-up processing
A
neural processing that starts with the physical message or sensation
5
Q
top-down processing
A
when neural messages are combined with previous understanding of the world to interpret the information in a way that has value
6
Q
which principle of Gestalt allows you to perceive a specific thing and lets you filter out the rest as a background
A
principle of figure-ground
7
Q
which principle of Gestalt states that objects that are physically similar to one another will be grouped together
A
principle of similarity
8
Q
which principle of Gestalt states that objects are close to one another will be grouped together (ex. three columns of 12 vs 36 individual dots)<img></img>
A
principle of proximity
9
Q
which principle of Gestalt states that individuals tend to perceive whole objects even when part of the information is missing (ex. circle drawn w dotted lines)
A
principle of closure
10
Q
which prinicple of Gestalt states that if lines cross each other, or are interrupted, individuals tend to still see continuously flowing lines<br></br><img></img>
A
principle of good continuation
11
Q
what principle of Gestalt states that objects that are moving together will be grouped together (seeing a whole group instead of mass of individuals)
A
principle of common fate
12
Q
role of cornea
A
a transparent protective layer that contributes the ability to focus on something
13
Q
role of pupil
A
a hole allowing light to enter the eye; adjusts based on environment
14
Q
how does the pupil change when it is dark
A
dialates
15
Q
what lighting condition causes the pupil to dialate
A
dark
16
Q
what lighting condition causes the pupil to contract
A
bright
17
Q
how does the pupil change when bright
A
contracts
18
Q
cause of myopia
A
when the eyes are longer than average, so the lens focus the image before it reaches the retina, and by that time the image is no longer clear
19
Q
what condition is when the eyes are longer than average
A
myopia
20
Q
what condition is when eyes are shorter than average
A
hyperopia
21
Q
cause of hyperopia
A
shorter eyes, so when the image arrives at the retina it is not in focus yet, and will appear blurry
22
Q
at what distances do individuals with myopia see clearer
A
short
23
Q
at what distances do individuals with hyperopia see clearer
A
further
24
Q
what eye structure has no function but gives color
A
iris
25
what photosensitive cells does the fovea consist
cones
26
at what light conditions do cones respond best in, and what is the function
bright; visual acuity
27
at what light conditions do rods respond best in, and when are they the primary cells used
at lower levels of light; night vision
28
function of diffuse bipolar cells
receives info from many rods and sends one message to M-cells
29
function of midget bipolar cells
receives info from one cone and sends one message to a P-cell
30
function of P-cells
receives info from midget bipolar cells and sends info to brain about qualities of colour and detail
31
function of M-cells
receive signals from diffuse bipolar cells and send info to brain about motion and visual stimuli in the periphery
32
what happens to the center-on and center-off cells when light falls on center-off cells
inhibition of center-on cells and excitement of center-off cells
33
what happens with center-on and center-on cells when a point of light falls on the center of the retina
inhibition of center-off cells and excitement of center-on cells
34
what is the firing rate distribution across the retina when the entire receptive field is illuminated and why
equal rates; allows the communication that there is no discernible differences in light
35
function of optic chiasm
axons from each eye are crossed to be reorganized for processing
36
where is the LGN
thalamus
37
function of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
split into 6 layers, where each layer processes specific sensations that correspond to M and P cells
38
where is the visual cortex located
occipital lobe
39
retinotopic organization
neurons maintain a specific organization in a way that corresponds with the picture seen as it is processed in the LGN and striate cortex
40
feature detector cells
specialized cells in the VC that respond to specific visual stimuli
41
function of simple cells
responds to small stationary bars of light oriented at specific angles
42
function of complex cells
responds to lines of particular orientations that are moving in specific directions
43
function of temporal lobe in vision
identification of information
44
what stream does information travel along to go from the VC to the temporal lobe
ventral stream
45
what stream does information travel along to go from the VC to the parietal lobe
dorsal stream
46
function of parietal lobe in vision
identify object location
47
what is the role of the limbic system in vision
emotional response for the visual stimulus
48
why was the perception of color evolved to be possible
allowed ancestors to derive useful information
49
what wavelength does S-cones respond to and what color is perceived
short wavelengths; blue
50
what wavelength does M-cones respond to and what color is perceived
medium wavelengths; green
51
what wavelength do L-cones repond to and what color is perceived
long wavelengths; red
52
trichromatic theory
color information is identified by comparing the activation of different cones
53
how does the trichromatic theory explain color blindness
cells respond equally to both wavelengths due to a type of cone giving another pigment, therefore the brain cannot distinguish the actual colours bc the cells react the same when two different colours are given
54
opponent process theory
colors are paired so cells only increase its firing rate if it receives a message from a certain color, and will decrease if it receives its opposite color
55
color paired with red in the opponent process theory
green
56
color paired with blue in the opponent process theory
yellow
57
color paired with black in opponent process theory
white
58
T/F: culture can influence how colors are perceived, named, and classified
TRUE
59
what colors are recognized by all cultures
red, black, white
60
what processes does the brain use to perceive depth
bottom-up and top-down
61
monocular depth cues/pictorial cues
depth cues that only requires one eye
62
where does the opponent process occur
LGN
63
occlusion depth cue
when an image partially blocks the view of a second object, the partially hidden object is seen as further away than the whole object (depth cue)
64
relative height depth cue
objects closer to the horizon appears further away (depth cue)
65
relative size depth cue
when seeing two objects of equal size, the one that is further away takes up a smaller portion of the retina (depth cue)
66
perspective convergence/linear perspective depth cue
as parallel lines move away from the eye, the lines seem to converge (ex. landscapes) (depth cue)
67
familiar size depth cue
when distances are judged based on knowledge of that object's size (depth cue)
68
atmospheric perspective depth cue
distant objects appear hazy and have a blue tint due to particles occupying the space in between (depth cue)
69
binocular depth cues
requires input and comparison of both eyes; depth is calculated by the brain by comparing the two inputs
70
retinal disparity
each retina perceives a slightly different image bc they are in different positions
71
when is retinal disparity minimized
when images are further away
72
what properties of a wave determines the loudness of a sound
amplitude
73
what properties of a wave determines the pitch of a sound
frequency
74
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75
what is the order of structures which sound travels through
pinna, tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window, cochlea, cilia, auditory nerve to brain
76
function of pinna
shaped to filter the sound into the ear canal
77
function of tympanic membrane
transfers sound from the ear canal to ossicles
78
function of ossicles
to help amplify the vibrations for when sound is in the inner ear
79
function of oval window
connected to the stapes and transfers vibrations to the cochlea
80
function of cilia in ears
attached to sensory hair cells which sends excitatory messsages to brain via the auditory nerve
81
how does transduction occur in the ear
when the vibrations against the oval window cause the fluid inside the cochlea to move, which will cause the basilar membrane to ripple, then cause cilia to bend and send excitatory messages
82
function of basilar membrane
a flexible tissue inside the cochlea which ripples when the cochlea fluid moves, causing cilia to bend
83
what are the names of the three ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes
84
place theory
different frequencies of sound influence the cells in the basilar membrane differently, the brain uses the location of neural firing on the basilar membrane to understand pitch
85
what frequency of sounds are heard when cells closest to the oval window are excited
high
86
what frequency of sounds are heard when cells deeper in the cochlea are excited
low
87
frequency theory
the brain uses information related to the rate of cells firing to perceive pitch; the faster the cells fire, the higher the pitch
88
where is the auditory cortex located
temporal lobe
89
where are the different componeents of sound organized and analyzed in the thalamus
medial geniculate nucleus
90
tonotopic organization
spatial organization of the basilar membrane is maintained through the auditory pathway
91
what are the special characteristics of auditory cells because timing is critical to understanding sound
rapid action potentials and large terminal buttons
92
hierarchical organization of sound processing
pure tones are processed earlier in the auditory pathway, and more complicated sounds are processed further along the pathway
93
how does the brain locate sounds
by comparing information arriving in both ears
94
binaural cues
auditory cues that require comparing between information from both ears
95
interaural time differences (binaural cue)
localizes sounds from the left and right accurately by making comparisons between the arrival time of a sound in each ear (binaural cue)
96
interaural level differences (binaural cue)
the ear closest to the sound will perceive the noise as slightly louder than the other ear bc the sound travels through the brain which absorbs a small portion of the sound before reaching the second ear (binaural cue)
97
McGurk effect
illusion where the perception of sound changes based on visual clues, bc the brain uses visual info to help interpret sounds that have similar signatures
98
what senses are the chemical senses
smell and taste
99
how are chemoreceptors activated to analyze chemical stimuli (smell/taste)
physical stimuli must be ingested
100
where do ORNs send messages to after molecules interact with receptors
olfactory bulb
101
where is the olfactory bulb
brain
102
where in the olfactory bulb do ORNs send signals to
glomeruli
103
what does taste perception rely on
correlation between molecular properties of a substnace and the effect of the substance on the body
104
what are the five basic tastes
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
105
papillae
bump structures on the tongue where taste buds are located
106
filiform papillae
type of papillae that is on the entire surface of the tongue, giving it a fuzzy appearance, but do not contain taste buds
107
fungiform papillae
type of papillae on tips and sides of the tongue, and has a mushroom-like appearance
108
foliate papillae
type of papillae at the back of the tongue and looks like folds
109
circumvallate papillae
type of papillae at the back of the tongue and are shaped like mounds
110
how many taste sensitive cells do taste buds contain and what does it protrude into
50-100; taste pore
111
how does transduction occur in taste perception
when chemicals bind to receptor sites on the taste pore
112
to where are chemical messages sent to after reaching the taste pore via the afferent nerve
brain and stomach
113
function of afferent nerve in taste perception
sends messages from taste pore to brain and stomach
114
why is info sent to stomach after reaching the taste pore in taste perception
so the body can metabolically prepare for food
115
which part of the brain does info get sent for taste perception
OFC (orbitofrontal cortex)
116
OFC
orbitofrontal cortex
117
function of OFC in taste perception
combines sensations of taste and smell, and receives visual information
118
what is the physical message of touch
pressure
119
which cortex is info about touch sent to by receptors in skin
somatosensory cortex
120
where is the somatosensory cortex located
parietal lobe
121
when do Merkel receptors fire, and what info does it send
as long as the skin is making contact; fine details
122
when are Meissner receptors fired
when the skin first encounters a stimulus and when it is removed
123
where are Ruffini cylinder and Pacinian corpuscles located
deeper in the skin
124
function of Ruffini cylinder
associated with interpreting the stretching of the skin (mechnoreceptor)
125
function of Pacinian corpuscle
feels vibration and texture (mechanoreceptor)
126
function of thermoreceptors
senses temperature
127
pain
adaptive response to tissue damage
128
what receptor detects pain
nociceptor
129
gate control theory of pain
impulses that indicate painful stimuli can be blocked in the spinal cord by signals sent from the brain (ex. when deeply engaged in physical task, brain will prioritize mobility over pain perception)
130
function of small diameter fibers (S-fibers) (pain perception)
fire to damaging and painful stimuli, which activates T-cells
131
function of large diameter fibers (L-fibers)
sends signals to the brain about stimulation that is not painful and inhibits activation of T-cells
132
what is not explained by the gate control theory of pain
chronic pain
133
why is experience of pain susceptible to placebo
expectations of pain reduction leads to alleviation of pain
134
congenital analgesia
inability to perceive pain and temperature
135
kinesthetic sense
provides basic understanding of where our body is in space and how to move our bodies to accomplish tasks
136
what senses does the kinesthetic sense rely on
touch, receptors in joints and muscles
137
which cortex is info sent to to create a kinesthetic sense
somatosensory
138
vestibular sense
sense of balance
139
where are vestibular sensory cells located
cochlea
140
function of semicircular canals (vestibular sense)
sense changes in acceleration and rotation of head, has hair cells that respond to gravitational force
141
function of vestibular sacs in vestibular sense
responds to cues associated with a sense of balance and posture
142
which system is closely integrate with the vestibular system
visual
143
goal of psychophysics
to evaluate the way the physical experience of light, sound, and chemicals in the nose are translated into psychological perceptions
144
stimulus detection
to find the minimum amount of stimulus required to generate a sensation (methods of investigating sensation and perception)
145
absolute threshold (of a stimulus)
the level of intensity required to create a conscious experience 50% of the time
146
liberal response bias
when individuals report the presence of a stimulus when none is presented, or detects more stimulus when they are presented
147
false alarm (liberal response bias)
reporting a stimulus when none is presented
148
high hit rate (liberal response bias)
detecting more stimuli when they are presented
149
conservative bias (signal detection)
when individuals say no stimulus was presented when one is presented, or state no stimulus is present when there is no stimulus
150
high miss rate (conservative bias)
when individuals state no stimulus is presented when one is presented
151
high correct rejection rate (conservative bias)
when individuals state there is no stimulus when no stimulus is presented
152
difference threshold
smallest amount of a stimulus required for a difference in magnitude to be detected
153
Weber's law
the more intense the stimulus, the larger the required change to notice a difference
