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psya01 > ch3 - biology and neuroscience > Flashcards

ch3 - biology and neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

soma

A

cell body of neuron

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2
Q

axon hillock

A

intersection between soma and axon, which marks the beginning of the axon

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3
Q

how are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft

A

bind to receptors of the post-synaptic neuron, or are uptaken by the pre-synaptic neuron and recycled, or degraded

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4
Q

synapse

A

the connection between two neurons that allow communication

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5
Q

myelin

A

layer of fat and protein around the soma which acts as insulation

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6
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

breaks between the myelin sheath, allowing for more efficient transmission

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7
Q

what ion moves into axon through voltage gated channels in depolarization

A

Na+

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8
Q

under what condition are neurotransmitters released

A

when the electric impulse created by the movement of ions reaches the end of the neuron

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9
Q

what ion exits the membrane of a neuron during repolarization

A

K+

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10
Q

agonist drugs

A

mimics action of neurotransmitters that are naturally produced by the body

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11
Q

antagonist neurotransmitters

A

prevents the action of endogenous neurotransmitters

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12
Q

partial agonists/antagonists

A

binds to receptors to cause a minimized effect

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13
Q

glial cells

A

supports neurons at 10:1 ratio, acts as structural support, brings nutrients, removes waste, and speeds up impulses

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14
Q

oligodendrocyte (glial cell)

A

wraps myelin around axons in brain and spinal cord (glial cell)

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15
Q

Schwaan cells (glial cell)

A

wraps myelin around axons outside brain and spinal cord (glial cell)

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16
Q

astrocytes and microglia (glial cells)

A

forms the immune system of the brain by fighting infections and cleaning up debris that could lead to inflammation (glial cells)

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17
Q

the dysfunction of which glial cell is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases

A

astrocytes

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18
Q

nerves

A

large bundle of axons that have extended from cell bodies housed in the CNS

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19
Q

what does the CNS consist of

A

brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

function of efferents

A

carries electrical impulses away from the CNS to triggger neurotransmitter or hormone release in an organ or muscle

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21
Q

function of afferents

A

carry impulses to the CNS from organs and muscles

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22
Q

neuroplasicity

A

the ability of neurons and their networks to change, which allows the brain to respond and survive in its environment and enables us to learn

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23
Q

neocortex

A

the outer part of the brain responsible for conscious thought/decision making

24
Q

function of medulla

A

controlls basic life-support functions

25
Q

what parts are contained in the peripheral nervous system

A

all nerves outside of skull and vertebral column, specialized sensory endings (ex. retinal cells and touch receptors)

26
Q

gray matter of the CNS

A

local processing of information

27
Q

white matter of CNS

A

helps different areas of the brain share information by connecting neurons via axons and dendrites

28
Q

vertebrae

A

individual joins that make up the vertebral column, allowing for the movement of spine, and is a space for peripheral nerves to exit the spinal cord to connect and communicate with the body

29
Q

medulla oblongata

A

lower anatomical portion of the brain acting as a transition point between the brain and spinal cord

30
Q

why might upper spinal cord injuries be fatal

A

can affect neurons in the medulla and cervial spinal cord area that are responsible for life functions

31
Q

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A

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32
Q

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A

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33
Q

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A

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34
Q

which two divisions is the PNS split into

A

somatic and autonomic

35
Q

function of somatic nervous system

A

contains nerves that control muscles for voluntary movement and brain sensory info from the body to the brain

36
Q

where are neurons and nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system originated from

A

lower brain and sacral spinal cord

37
Q

function of parasympathetic nerves

A

transmits commands to organs that help with recovery digestion, and sexual arousal when activated (division of ANS)

38
Q

function of sympathetic nerves

A

increases breathing and heart rate, and inhibits digestion, helps initiate fight or flight reaction (division of ANS)

39
Q

function of pons

A

helps regulate arousal, coordinate senses with the cerebellum, and serves as a bridge between the upper brain to the lower brain and spinal cord

40
Q

what brain structure houses nerves that control facial expressions and eye movements

A

pons

41
Q

function of the RAS (reticular activating system)

A

network or neurons spanning the center of the medulla and pons, and bridges the functions of the body and brain via connections to the spinal cord and thalamus to regulate arousal, focus of attention, and filters out irrelevant stimuli

42
Q

what circuits are in the limbic system

A

prefrontal cortex, olfactory cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, and hypothalamus

43
Q

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A

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44
Q

function of amygdala

A

receives input from senses and makes calculations about emotional value and instensity of stimulus; its activity is increased when under threat, responsible for increased secretion of norepinephrine

45
Q

function of hippocampus

A

loops of neurons that are activated when memories are formed

46
Q

fucntion of hypothalamus

A

controls functions in the autonomic and endocrine systems

47
Q

brain laterality

A

idea that one hemisphere of the brain performs different function than the other (ex. language is processed and produced on the left, the right is required to make sense of the language)

48
Q

function of corpus callosum

A

a thick bundle of fibers that connect the two hemispheres and allow them to exchange info

49
Q

what issue will patients with severe epilepsy have if they have their corpus callosum cut

A

trouble naming objects on the left, as the right side is responsible for visual info and the left is responsible for language, hence naming

50
Q

endocrine system function

A

consists of glands throughout the body that releases hormones; hormones sometimes act as neurotransmitters

51
Q

what structures does the hpa axis contain

A

hypothalamus, pituitary glands, adrenal glands

52
Q

how is endocrine function maintained by HPA axis

A

hypothalamus secretes hormones that control the pituitary, which controls the adrenal glands

53
Q

what happens in the HPA axis when there is stress

A

hypothalamus is active and causes the pituitary to signal adrenal glands to produce cortisol (stress hormone)

54
Q

effects of cortisol in temporary stress

A

drives energy and blood flow to muscles and increases alertness

55
Q

effects of cortisol in chronic stress

A

since more cortisol is released than needed, it will cause fatigue, increasing fat storage, and decrease in alertness over time, which affects the RAS

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