Ch5-Implantation And Placental Development Flashcards
1
Q
average ovarian-endometrial cycle duration
A
28 days (25-32days)
2
Q
OVARIAN CYCLE Phases
A
Follicular Phase 1-14 days
Luteal Phase 14-21 days
3
Q
Corpus luteam produces these hormonal steroids which prepare endometrium for implantation
A
Estrogen and progesterone
4
Q
Ovarian follicles are depleted until what age?
A
35 y.o.
5
Q
Ovarian Cycle
A
Development of follicle
Ovulation
6
Q
Uterine Cycle
A
Functional endometrium thickens and sheds
7
Q
Ovulation
A
Release of OOCYTE from ovary
Occurs 14 days before the 1st day of menstruation or 14 days before the next cycle begins
8
Q
Follicular phase (preovulatory phase)
A
Menstrual and proliferative phase
9
Q
Luteal phase (postovulatory)
A
Secretory phase
10
Q
After puberty, GnRH is released in..
A
PULSES
11
Q
A follicle consists of
A
- Primary oocyte
- Granulosa cells
- Theca cells
12
Q
Theca cells + LH
A
Androstenedione
13
Q
Granulosa cell + FSH
A
Aromatase
14
Q
Androstenedione is converted to Estrogen (17B Estradiol)
A
Aromatase
15
Q
Group of antral follicles
A
Cohort
16
Q
Androstenedione (______) –> Estrogen
A
Aromatase
17
Q
After ovulation, the corpus luteum forms
A
Both theca and granulosa cells respond to LH
18
Q
Granulosa cell + LH
A
Progesterone
19
Q
important source of cholesterol for steroidogenesis
A
LDL
20
Q
Follicle releases
A
Estrogen
21
Q
Dominant follicles
A
Follicles with MOST FSH RECEPTORS
22
Q
Estrogen (folicular phase)
A
Negative feedbak
23
Q
Progesterone and Estrogen⭐️ (luteal phase)
A
Positive feedback
24
Q
FSH and LH Surge
A
1) 1-2 days before ovulation
2) rupture of ovarian follicle
3) release of oocyte
25
Effects of ⬆️ Estrogen Levels in the Proliferative Phase of the Uterine(endometrial cycle)
1) thickening of endometrium
2) Growth of endometrial glands
3) Emergence of SPIRAL Arteries
4) change consistency of cervical mucus (for sperm)➡️ optimize chance of fertilization (Day 11-Day 15)
26
During the early folliclar phase, this can feedback of the pituitary to inhibit FSH release
Inhibin B
27
This drop in FSH levels is responsible for the failure of other follicles to reach preovulatory satus
The Graafian follicle stage
28
Selection of a dominant follicle
Graafian follicle stage
29
LH secretion peakes
10-12 hours before ovulation
30
How many hours does ovulation occurs before the ovum is released from the follice?
34-36 hours
31
During synthesis of matric, cumulus cells lose cntact with one another and move outward from the oocyte along the hyaluronan polymer
Expansion
32
Graafian follicle ➡️ Corpus luteum
Luteinization
33
Primary luteotropic factor responsible for corpus luteum maintenance
LH
34
can extend corpus luteum life span in normal women by 2 weeks
LH injections
35
Regression of the corpus luteum
Luteolysis
36
Corpus luteum will regress in the absence of pregnancy
9-11 days
37
Most important factor in endometria recovery following menstruation
Folliculr phase estradiol production
38
Important to cessation of endometrial bleeding
Reepithelalization (epidermal growth factor and TGFa) and angiogenesis
39
Uterine vessel ➡️ arcuate ➡️ myometrial ➡️ radial ➡️ basal ➡️ spiral A
Highlight of the secretory phase
40
Secretory phase Day 17
Glycogen accumulates in the basal portion of glandular epithelium, creating subnuclear vacuolesand pseudostratification.
41
Sceretory phase Day 18
Vacoules move to the apical portion of the secretory nonciliated cells
42
Secretory phase Day 19
Sceretory nonciliated clls begin to secrete glycoprotein and mucopolysaccharide content into the gland lumen.
43
Sceratory phase Day 21-24
Stroma becomes edematous
44
Secretory phase Day 22-25
Stromal cells currounding the spiral arterioles begin to enlarge and stromal mitosis becomes apparent.
45
Secretory phase Day 23-28
Predicidual cells surroud spiral arterioles
46
window of implantation
Day 20-24
47
Secretory phase Day 22 and 25
Secretory phase endometrium undergoes striking changes associated with predecidual transfomation of the upper two thirds of the functionalis layer.
48
Ovarian progesterone production peaks during the midluteal phase
25-50 mg/d
49
Secretory phase Day 19
Glandular cell mitosis ceases with secretory activity due to rising progesterone levelswhich antagonize the mitotic effects of estrogen.
50
Key to both endometrial extraellular matric breakdown and repair of the functionalis layr
Leukocyte infiltration
51
Ability of macrophages to assume phenotypes that vary from proinflammatory and phagocytic to immunosuppressive and reparative
Inflammatory tightrope
52
Endometrial stromal and epithelial cells produce:
IL8, MCP-1, chemotactic activating factor for neutrophils
53
Prostaglandins play a key role in the events leading to menstruation that include:
1) vasoconstriction
2) myometrial contractions
3) upregulation of proinflammatory responses
54
Painful menstruation is caused by
Myometrial contractions and uterine ischemia
55
Myometrial contractions and uterine ischemia
PGF2a induced spiral vasoconstriction
56
COX2
Prostaglandin synthase 2
57
COX2
Synthesize prostaglandins
58
PGDH
15hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase
59
PGDH
Degrades prostaglandin after progesterone withdrawal
60
Hemorchial placentation
Maternal blood contacts trophoblasts
61
Transformation of proliferating endometrial stromal cells into specialized secretory cells
Decidualization
62
Decidualization is dependent on
Estrogen, progesterone, androgens, and factors secreted by the implanting blastocyst.
63
Decidua basalis
Decidua directly beneath blastocyst implantation is modified by triohoblast invasion
64
Decidua capsularis
Overlies the enlarging blastocust and intially separates the conceptus form the rest of the uterine cavity.
65
Most prominent during the secodmonth of pregnancy and consists of stromal decidual cells overed by a single layer of flattened epithelial cells
Decidua capsularis
66
Avascular, extraembryonic fetal membrane
Chorion laeve
67
Remainder of the uterus
Decidua parietalis
68
The gestational sac also called the chorionic cavity is the
Extraembryonic coelom
69
The expanding sac has enlarged to completely fill the uterine cavity
14-16 weeks AOG
70
Resulting aposition of decidua capsularis and parietalis
Decidua vera
71
Decidua parietalis and basalis are composedof three layers:
Zona compacta
Zona spongiosa
Zona basalis
72
Zona compacta
Surface or compact zone
73
Zona spongiosa
Middle portion or spongy zone
74
Zona spongiosa
Remnant of glands and numerous blood vessels
75
Zona basalis
Basal layer - remains fter delivery and gives rise to new endometrium.
76
Smooth muscle wall
Respons to vasoactive agents
77
Zone of fibrinoid degeneration in which invading trophoblasts meet the decidua basalis
Nitabuch layer
78
Decidua basalis
Maternal portion of the placenta
79
Decidua capsularis
Decidua that grows over the blastpcyst after implantation appearing as a cap like structure
80
Decidua parietalis
Decidua lining the uterus elsewhere than at the site of implantation
81
Zona functionalis
Zona compacta and spongiosa
82
More superficial but inconsistent deposition of fibrin at the bottom of the intervillous space and surrounding the anchoring villi
Rohr stria
83
Normal phenomenon in the first and second trimesters
Decidual necrosis
84
Present in enormous amounts in amniotic fluid
Prolactin
85
Source of prolactin
Decidua
86
Produced only by synccytiotrophoblast
Placental lactogen (hPL)
87
Prolactin levels in ammnionic fluid
10,000 ng/mL at 20-24 weeks AOG
88
Fetal serum levels
350 ng/mL
89
Maternal serum levels
150-200 ng/mL
90
Decidual prolactin
Classic example of paracrin function between maternal and fetal tissues
