CH5: Ethics in Research

Question 1

What serves as the basis for regulations affecting research by the U.S. government?
A) The Nuremberg Code
B) The Declaration of Helsinki
C) The Belmont Report
D) The Code of Ethics of the American Psychological Association

Answer 1

C) The Belmont Report

Question 2

In response to human rights violations, various codes of ethics have been developed. What was developed after Nazi atrocities were made public as an international effort to establish ethical standards?
A) The Nuremberg Code
B) The Declaration of Helsinki
C) The Belmont Report
D) The Code of Ethics of the American Psychological Association

Answer 2

A) The Nuremberg Code

Question 3

What document covers primarily ethical issues for practicing nurses and includes principles that apply to nurse researchers?
A) Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretative
Statements
B) Ethical Research Guidelines for Registered
Nurses
C) Ethical Guidelines in the Conduct,
Dissemination, and Implementation of
Nursing Research
D) ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses

Answer 3

A) Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretative Statements

Question 4

The Belmont Report articulated broad principles on which standards of ethical conduct in research are based. Which is not considered an ethical principle for protecting study participants in the report?
A) Beneficence
B) Respect for human dignity
C) Informed consent
D) Justice

Answer 4

C) Informed consent

Question 5

What is beneficence?
A) Performance of some good
B) Protection from physical and psychological harm and exploitation
C) Participants right to self-determination
D) Freedom to control their own actions

Answer 5

A) Performance of some good

Question 6

What is justice?
A) Right to fair treatment
B) Protection from physical and psychological harm and exploitation
C) Participants right to self-determination
D) Freedom to control their own actions

Answer 6

A) Right to fair treatment

Question 7

Which ethical principle may be violated if a researcher unobtrusively studies interactions among patients in a psychiatric hospital?
A) Confidentiality
B) Freedom from harm
C) Right to self-determination
D) Right to privacy

Answer 7

C) Right to self-determination

Question 8

What is the safeguard mechanisms by which even the researcher cannot link the participant with the information provided?
A) Confidentiality
B) Anonymity
C) Informed consent
D) Right to privacy

Answer 8

B) Anonymity

Question 9

What provides prospective participants with information needed to make a reasoned decision about participation?
A) Confidentiality
B) Anonymity
C) Informed consent
D) Right to privacy

Answer 9

Informed consent

Question 10

How can confidentiality of study participants
be increased?
A) Avoiding the collection of any identifying
information
B) Avoiding introducing the participants to any
of the research personnel
C) Placing all identifying information on
computer files rather than in manual files
D) Placing all identifying information on manual
files rather than in computer files

Answer 10

A) Avoiding the collection of any identifying
information

Question 11

What is an example of a vulnerable group?
A) Women hospitalized for a mastectomy
B) Members of a senior citizen group
C) People who do not speak English
D) Pediatric clients

Answer 11

D) Pediatric clients

Question 12

What is a major potential risk of research to
participants?
A) Monetary gains
B) Access to a new and potentially beneficial
treatment
C) Opportunity to discuss personal feelings and
experiences with an objective listener.
D) Physical boredom

Answer 12

D) Physical boredom

Question 13

Researchers can often show their respect for
participants—and proactively minimize
emotional risks—by carefully attending to the
nature of the interactions they have with
them. What are debriefing sessions?
A) Discussions with prospective participants to
obtain informed consent
B) Discussions with participants after a study to
explain various aspects of the study
C) Discussions with a human subjects committee
before a study to obtain permission
D) findings will
be shared after data have been analyzed

Answer 13

B) Discussions with participants after a study to
explain various aspects of the study

Question 14

In a qualitative study that involves multiple
contacts between the researcher and study
participants, what can the researcher
negotiate?
A) Implied consent
B) Stipend
C) Process consent
D) Risk/benefit ratio

Answer 14

C) Process consent

Question 15

When is informed consent not obtained?
A) Researcher pays a stipend to study
participants.
B) Researcher collects information covertly.
C) Risk/benefit ratio is low.
D) Study is determined exempt by Institutional
Review Board.

Answer 15

B) Researcher collects information covertly.

Question 16

Most institutions where research is conducted
have formal committees for reviewing
proposed research plans. In the United States,
what will the committee likely be called?
A) Research Ethics Board
B) Institutional Review Board
C) Ethical Advisory Board
D) Human Subject Committee

Answer 16

B) Institutional Review Board

Question 17

What is an expedited review?
A) The committee must consist of five members
to carry out the review.
B) Research involving no more than minimal
risk can use this procedure.
C) The researcher must have an affiliation with
an institution.
D) The research is exempt from the review board
process.

Answer 17

B) Research involving no more than minimal
risk can use this procedure.

Question 18

What is an important consideration when
nurses choose to use animals as research
subjects?
A) Must obtain informed consent from the
animal’s owner.
B) Recognize that it is more convenient to use an
animal.
C) Recognize that it is less costly to use animals
than humans.
D) Recognize that animals need humane care and
treatment.

Answer 18

D) Recognize that animals need humane care and
treatment.

Question 19

When can the researcher omit informed
consent, when existing data from records and/
or specimens are used?
A) The study does not involve an intervention.
B) The researcher is gathering data
anonymously.
C) Health professional students are used as
subjects.
D) The study is gathering data from records over
10 years old.

Answer 19

B) The researcher is gathering data
anonymously.

Question 20

Under HIPAA regulations, a covered entity
such as a hospital can disclose individually
identifiable health information from its
records if the patient signs an authorization
granting access. What does this include?
A) Who will receive the information
B) Why they need the information
C) The Social Security number of the patient
D) If the data is not specifically obtained for the
research

Answer 20

A) Who will receive the information