Ch5

Question 1

Application Server

Answer 1

A computer responsible for hosting applications to user workstations. NIST SP 800-82 Rev.2

Question 2

Asymmetric Encryption

Answer 2

An algorithm that uses one key to encrypt and a different key to decrypt the input plaintext.

Question 3

Checksum

Answer 3

A digit representing the sum of the correct digits in a piece of stored or transmitted digital data, against which later comparisons can be made to detect errors in the data.

Question 4

Ciphertext

Answer 4

The altered form of a plaintext message so it is unreadable for anyone except the intended recipients. In other words, it has been turned into a secret.

Question 5

Classification

Answer 5

Classification identifies the degree of harm to the organization, its stakeholders or others that might result if an information asset is divulged to an unauthorized person, process or organization.
In short, classification is focused first and foremost on maintaining the confidentiality of the data,
based on the data sensitivity.

Question 6

Configuration management

Answer 6

A process and discipline used to ensure that the only changes made to a system are those that
have been authorized and validated

Question 7

Cryptanalyst

Answer 7

One who performs cryptanalysis which is the study of mathematical techniques for attempting to
defeat cryptographic techniques and/or information systems security. This includes the process of
looking for errors or weaknesses in the implementation of an algorithm or of the algorithm itself.

Question 8

Cryptography

Answer 8

The study or applications of methods to secure or protect the meaning and content of messages,
files, or other information, usually by disguise, obscuration, or other transformations of that con-
tent and meaning.

Question 9

Data Loss Prevention (DLP)

Answer 9

System capabilities designed to detect and prevent the unauthorized use and transmission of
information.

Question 10

Decryption

Answer 10

The reverse process from encryption. It is the process of converting a ciphertext message back
into plaintext through the use of the cryptographic algorithm and the appropriate key for decryp-
tion (which is the same for symmetric encryption, but different for asymmetric encryption). This
term is also used interchangeably with the “deciphering.”

Question 11

Degaussing

Answer 11

A technique of erasing data on disk or tape (including video tapes) that, when performed properly, ensures that there is insufficient magnetic remanence to reconstruct data.

Question 12

Digital Signature

Answer 12

The result of a cryptographic transformation of data which, when properly implemented, provides the services of origin authentication, data integrity, and signer non-repudiation. NIST SP 800-12
Rev. 1

Question 13

Egress Monitoring

Answer 13

Monitoring of outgoing network traffic.

Question 14

Encryption

Answer 14

The process and act of converting the message from its plaintext to ciphertext. Sometimes it is
also referred to as enciphering. The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably in literature
and have similar meanings.

Question 15

Encryption System

Answer 15

The total set of algorithms, processes, hardware, software, and procedures that taken together
provide an encryption and decryption capability.

Question 16

Hardening

Answer 16

A reference to the process of applying secure configurations (to reduce the attack surface) and
locking down various hardware, communications systems, and software, including operating sys-
tem, web server, application server, application, etc. Hardening is normally performed based on
industry guidelines and benchmarks, such as those provided by the Center for Internet Security
(CIS).

Question 17

Hash Function

Answer 17

An algorithm that computes a numerical value (called the hash value) on a data file or electronic
message that is used to represent that file or message and depends on the entire contents of the
file or message. A hash function can be considered to be a fingerprint of the file or message. NIST
SP 800-152

Question 18

Hashing

Answer 18

The process of using a mathematical algorithm against data to produce a numeric value that is representative of that data. Source CNSSI 4009-2015

Question 19

Ingress Monitoring

Answer 19

Monitoring of incoming network traffic.

Question 20

Message Digest

Answer 20

A digital signature that uniquely identifies data and has the property such that changing a single
bit in the data will cause a completely different message digest to be generated. NISTIR-8011
Vol.3

Question 21

Operating System

Answer 21

The software “master control application” that runs the computer. It is the first program loaded when the computer is turned on, and its main component, the kernel, resides in memory at all
times. The operating system sets the standards for all application programs (such as the Web serv-
er) that run in the computer. The applications communicate with the operating system for most
user interface and file management operations. NIST SP 800-44 Version 2

Question 22

Patch

Answer 22

A software component that, when installed, directly modifies files or device settings related to a
different software component without changing the version number or release details for the related software component. Source: ISO/IEC 19770-2

Question 23

Patch Management

Answer 23

The systematic notification, identification, deployment, installation and verification of operating system and application software code revisions. These revisions are known as patches, hot fixes,
and service packs. Source: CNSSI 4009

Question 24

Plaintext

Answer 24

A message or data in its natural format and in readable form; extremely vulnerable from a confidentiality perspective.

Question 25

Records

Answer 25

The recordings (automated and/or manual) of evidence of activities performed or results achieved
(e.g., forms, reports, test results), which serve as a basis for verifying that the organization and the
information system are performing as intended. Also used to refer to units of related data fields
(i.e., groups of data fields that can be accessed by a program and that contain the complete set of information on particular items). NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 4

Question 26

Records Retention

Answer 26

A practice based on the records life cycle, according to which records are retained as long as necessary, and then are destroyed after the appropriate time interval has elapsed.

Question 27

Remanence

Answer 27

Residual information remaining on storage media after clearing. NIST SP 800-88 Rev. 1

Question 28

Request for change (RFC)

Answer 28

The first stage of change management, wherein a change in procedure or product is sought by a stakeholder.

Question 29

Security Governance

Answer 29

The entirety of the policies, roles, and processes the organization uses to make security decisions
in an organization.

Question 30

Social engineering

Answer 30

Tactics to infiltrate systems via email, phone, text, or social media, often impersonating a person
or agency in authority or offering a gift. A low-tech method would be simply following someone
into a secure building.

Question 31

Symmetric encryption

Answer 31

An algorithm that uses the same key in both the encryption and the decryption processes.

Question 32

Web Server

Answer 32

A computer that provides World Wide Web (WWW) services on the Internet. It includes the hard-
ware, operating system, Web server software, and Web site content (Web pages). If the Web
server is used internally and not by the public, it may be known as an “intranet server.” NIST SP
800-44 Version 2

Question 33

Whaling Attack

Answer 33

Phishing attacks that attempt to trick highly placed officials or private individuals with sizable as-
sets into authorizing large fund wire transfers to previously unknown entities.