Ch1

Question 1

Adequate Security

Answer 1

Security commensurate with the risk and the magnitude of harm resulting from the loss, misuse or unauthorized access to or modification of information. Source: OMB Circular A-130

Question 2

Administrative Controls

Answer 2

Controls implemented through policy and procedures. Examples include access control processes and requiring multiple personnel to conduct a specific operation. Administrative controls in modern environments are often enforced in conjunction with physical and/or technical controls, such as an access-granting policy for new users that requires login and approval by the hiring manager.

Question 3

Artificial Intelligence

Answer 3

The ability of computers and robots to simulate human intelligence and behavior.

Question 4

Asset

Answer 4

Anything of value that is owned by an organization. Assets include both tangible items such as information systems and physical property and intangible assets such as intellectual property.

Question 5

Authentication

Answer 5

Access control process validating that the identity being claimed by a user or entity is known to the system, by comparing one (single-factor or SFA) or more (multi-factor authentication or MFA) factors of identification.

Question 6

Authorization

Answer 6

The right or a permission that is granted to a system entity to access a system resource. NIST 800-82 Rev.2

Question 7

Availability

Answer 7

Ensuring timely and reliable access to and use of information by authorized users.

Question 8

Baseline

Answer 8

A documented, lowest level of security configuration allowed by a standard or organization.

Question 9

Biometric

Answer 9

Biological characteristics of an individual, such as a fingerprint, hand geometry, voice, or iris patterns.

Question 10

Bot

Answer 10

Malicious code that acts like a remotely controlled “robot” for an attacker, with other Trojan and worm capabilities.

Question 11

Classified or Sensitive Information

Answer 11

Information that has been determined to require protection against unauthorized disclosure and is marked to indicate its classified status and classification level when in documentary form.

Question 12

Confidentiality

Answer 12

The characteristic of data or information when it is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized persons or processes. NIST 800-66

Question 13

Criticality

Answer 13

A measure of the degree to which an organization depends on the information or information system for the success of a mission or of a business function. NIST SP 800-60 Vol. 1, Rev. 1

Question 14

Data Integrity

Answer 14

The property that data has not been altered in an unauthorized manner. Data integrity covers data in storage, during processing and while in transit. Source: NIST SP 800-27 Rev A

Question 15

Encryption

Answer 15

The process and act of converting the message from its plaintext to ciphertext. Sometimes it is also referred to as enciphering. The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably in literature and have similar meanings.

Question 16

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

Answer 16

In 2016, the European Union passed comprehensive legislation that addresses personal privacy, deeming it an individual human right.

Question 17

Governance

Answer 17

The process of how an organization is managed; usually includes all aspects of how decisions are made for that organization, such as policies, roles and procedures the organization uses to make those decisions.

Question 18

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Answer 18

This U.S. federal law is the most important healthcare information regulation in the United States. It directs the adoption of national standards for electronic healthcare transactions while protecting the privacy of individual’s health information. Other provisions address fraud reduction, protections for individuals with health insurance and a wide range of other healthcare-related activities.
Est. 1996.

Question 19

Impact

Answer 19

The magnitude of harm that could be caused by a threat’s exercise of a vulnerability.

Question 20

Information Security Risk

Answer 20

The potential adverse impacts to an organization’s operations (including its mission, functions and image and reputation), assets, individuals, other organizations, and even the nation, which results from the possibility of unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction of information and/or information systems.

Question 21

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Answer 21

IEEE is a professional organization that sets standards for telecommunications, computer engineering and similar disciplines.

Question 22

Integrity

Answer 22

The property of information whereby it is recorded, used and maintained in a way that ensures its completeness, accuracy, internal consistency and usefulness for a stated purpose.

Question 23

International Organization of Standards (ISO)

Answer 23

The ISO develops voluntary international standards in collaboration with its partners in international standardization, the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), particularly in the field of information and communication technologies.

Question 24

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Answer 24

The internet standards organization, made up of network designers, operators, vendors and researchers, that defines protocol standards (e.g., IP, TCP, DNS) through a process of collaboration and consensus. Source: NIST SP 1800-16B

Question 25

Likelihood

Answer 25

The probability that a potential vulnerability may be exercised within the construct of the associated threat environment.

Question 26

Likelihood of Occurrence

Answer 26

A weighted factor based on a subjective analysis of the probability that a given threat is capable of exploiting a given vulnerability or set of vulnerabilities.

Question 27

Multi-Factor Authentication

Answer 27

Using two or more distinct instances of the three factors of authentication (something you know, something you have, something you are) for identity verification.

Question 28

National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Answer 28

The NIST is part of the U.S. Department of Commerce and addresses the measurement infrastructure within science and technology efforts within the U.S. federal government. NIST sets standards in a number of areas, including information security within the Computer Security Resource Center of the Computer Security Divisions.

Question 29

Non-repudiation

Answer 29

The inability to deny taking an action such as creating information, approving information and sending or receiving a message.

Question 30

Personally Identifiable Information (PII)

Answer 30

The National Institute of Standards and Technology, known as NIST, in its Special Publication 800-122 defines PII as “any information about an individual maintained by an agency, including (1) any information that can be used to distinguish or trace an individual’s identity, such as name, Social Security number, date and place of birth, mother’s maiden name, or biometric records; and (2) any other information that is linked or linkable to an individual, such as medical, educational, financial
and employment information.”

Question 31

Physical Controls

Answer 31

Controls implemented through a tangible mechanism. Examples include walls, fences, guards, locks, etc. In modern organizations, many physical control systems are linked to technical/logical
systems, such as badge readers connected to door locks.

Question 32

Privacy

Answer 32

The right of an individual to control the distribution of information about themselves.

Question 33

Probability

Answer 33

The chances, or likelihood, that a given threat is capable of exploiting a given vulnerability or a set of vulnerabilities. Source: NIST SP 800-30 Rev. 1

Question 34

Protected Health Information (PHI)

Answer 34

Information regarding health status, the provision of healthcare or payment for healthcare as defined in HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act).

Question 35

Qualitative Risk Analysis

Answer 35

A method for risk analysis that is based on the assignment of a descriptor such as low, medium or high. Source: NISTIR 8286

Question 36

Quantitative Risk Analysis

Answer 36

A method for risk analysis where numerical values are assigned to both impact and likelihood based on statistical probabilities and monetarized valuation of loss or gain. Source: NISTIR 8286

Question 37

Risk

Answer 37

A possible event which can have a negative impact upon the organization.

Question 38

Risk Acceptance

Answer 38

Determining that the potential benefits of a business function outweigh the possible risk impact/likelihood and performing that business function with no other action.

Question 39

Risk Assessment

Answer 39

The process of identifying and analyzing risks to organizational operations (including mission, functions, image, or reputation), organizational assets, individuals and other organizations. The analysis performed as part of risk management which incorporates threat and vulnerability analyses and considers mitigations provided by security controls planned or in place.

Question 40

Risk Avoidance

Answer 40

Determining that the impact and/or likelihood of a specific risk is too great to be offset by the potential benefits and not performing a certain business function because of that determination.

Question 41

Risk Management

Answer 41

The process of identifying, evaluating and controlling threats, including all the phases of risk context (or frame), risk assessment, risk treatment and risk monitoring.

Question 42

Risk Management Framework

Answer 42

A structured approach used to oversee and manage risk for an enterprise. Source: CNSSI 4009

Question 43

Risk Mitigation

Answer 43

Putting security controls in place to reduce the possible impact and/or likelihood of a specific risk.

Question 44

Risk Tolerance

Answer 44

The level of risk an entity is willing to assume in order to achieve a potential desired result. Source: NIST SP 800-32. Risk threshold, risk appetite and acceptable risk are also terms used synonymously with risk tolerance.

Question 45

Risk Transference

Answer 45

Paying an external party to accept the financial impact of a given risk.

Question 46

Risk Treatment

Answer 46

The determination of the best way to address an identified risk.

Question 47

Security Controls

Answer 47

The management, operational and technical controls (i.e., safeguards or countermeasures) prescribed for an information system to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the system and its information. Source: FIPS PUB 199

Question 48

Sensitivity

Answer 48

A measure of the importance assigned to information by its owner, for the purpose of denoting its need for protection. Source: NIST SP 800-60 Vol 1 Rev 1

Question 49

Single-Factor Authentication

Answer 49

Use of just one of the three available factors (something you know, something you have, something you are) to carry out the authentication process being requested.

Question 50

State

Answer 50

The condition an entity is in at a point in time.

Question 51

System Integrity

Answer 51

The quality that a system has when it performs its intended function in an unimpaired manner, free from unauthorized manipulation of the system, whether intentional or accidental. Source: NIST SP 800-27 Rev. A

Question 52

Technical Controls

Answer 52

Security controls (i.e., safeguards or countermeasures) for an information system that are primarily implemented and executed by the information system through mechanisms contained in the hardware, software or firmware components of the system.

Question 53

Threat

Answer 53

Any circumstance or event with the potential to adversely impact organizational operations (including mission, functions, image or reputation), organizational assets, individuals, other organizations or the nation through an information system via unauthorized access, destruction, disclosure, modification of information and/or denial of service. Source: NIST SP 800-30 Rev 1

Question 54

Threat Actor

Answer 54

An individual or a group that attempts to exploit vulnerabilities to cause or force a threat to occur.

Question 55

Threat Vector

Answer 55

The means by which a threat actor carries out their objectives.

Question 56

Token

Answer 56

A physical object a user possesses and controls that is used to authenticate the user’s identity. NISTIR 7711

Question 57

Vulnerability

Answer 57

Weakness in an information system, system security procedures, internal controls or implementation that could be exploited by a threat source. Source: NIST SP 800-30 Rev 1