Ch.46 Bowel Elimination Flashcards
Esophagus
Reduced motility lower third portion
Causes
Degeneration of neural cells
table 46-1 normal age related changes in the GI tract
-CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN OLDER ADULTS
Mouth
Decreased chewing and salivation
Oral dryness
What causes this
Degeneration of cells and medications
Stomach
Decreased in acid secretions
Motor activity
Mucosal thickness
Causes:
Degeneration of gastric mucosa
Leads to malabsorption of iron
Delayed gastric emptying
Individual doesn’t feel hungry
Loss of parietal cells
Leads to intrinsic factor -> necessary for vitamin B12 absorption
Small intestine
Decreased nutrient absorption
Causes
Less absorbing cells
Large intestine
Small holes / pouches form on Weak intestinal wall
Causes
Weak musculature
Constipation
Causes :decreased peristalsis
Risk for fecal impaction
Duller nerve sensations
Liver
Size is decreased
Causes:
Reduced storage capacity and ability to synthesize protein and metabolized medications
Table 46–2 medications and the gastrointestinal system
what actions do certain medications have on the G.I. system
Bentyl -dicyclomine HCL
It slower peristalsis and gastric emptying
Opioids analgesics
Slows peristalsis and contractions which causes constipation
Anticholinergic drugs :atropine , glycopyrrolate (robinul)
Inhibits gastric secretions
Slows GI motility
Causes constipation
NSAIDS
causes GI irritation causing bleeding
Rectal bleeding
Aspirin
Prostaglandin inhibitor
Interferes with the normal mucosal lining of the stomach
Causes bleeding
Histamines antagonist
Decreases HCL sections
Interferes with food digestion
Iron Change in stool-blck Nausea Vomiting Constipation Abdominal cramps
Why does constipation occur?
BOX 46-1
Irregular bowel habits and ignoring the feeling of defecation Chronic illnesses: multiple sclerosis chronic bowel diseases depression eating disorders Low fiber diet No fluid intake slows peristalsi depression cognitive impairment laxative miss use slow peristalsis abdominal muscle elasticity reduced intestinal mucus secretion neurological conditions to blog nerve impulses to the Colon- spinal cord injury ,tumor hypothyroidism hypocalcemia hypokalemia diuretics Anti depressants ,convulsants histamines ,hypertensives
Table 46–3 laboratory and diagnostic test for function
Total BiliRubin 0.3 – 1 mg/dL If increased there are abnormalities such as: Hepatobiliary diseases Obstruction in bile duct Anemias Transfusion reactions
Alkaline phosphatase
30-120 units/L
Elevated in hepatobiliary diseases
Carcinomas
Bone tumors
Healing fractures
Amylase:
60-120somogyi units/dL
Pancreas abnormalities Inflammation Tumors Cholecystitis :gallbladder inflammation Necrotic bowel DKA
Endoscope - colonoscopy
Recommended for individuals after 50years old
X-ray film with contrast medium
Identifies abnormalities in the G.I. tract indirect visualization of the entire GI track
series of x-ray films and it defies any
tumors
ULCERATIONS
INFLAMMATION
indicating further diagnostic testing our medical surgical intervention
Table 46–4 fecal characteristics
how are the characteristics of normal stool
Color
infant is yellow
adult brown
White : absence of bile Black : iron ingestion or GI bleeding Red: lower GI bleeding ,hemorrhoids Pale with fat: malabsorption of fat Translucent mucus : colitis ,spastic constipation excessive straining Bloody mucous: inflammation , infection
Odor
Pungent affected by food type
Abnormal
Noxious change
Cause
Blood in feces or infection
