Ch.37 Stress And Coping Flashcards
How is the response of a stressor controlled by?
Medulla oblongata
Reticular formation
Pituitary gland
What is stress?
A tension that an individual goes through and how they deal with the stressors
A condition that causes a change in homeostasis
It is physiological and psychological
Can be :
negative - can cause illness
positive- growth (learning experience)
Where is the medulla oblongata located at and what does it control?
It is located at the lower portion of the brainstem
Controls heart rate - increases in response
Blood pressure
Respirations
How Does the reticular formation play a role in stress and coping?
The small cluster of neurons monitor the status of the connections of sensory and motor tracks
Example increase his level of consciousness when needed
Fight or flight
How does the pituitary gland play a role in stress?
The small gland secretes important hormones during stress for adaptions such as the ACTH which produces cortisol
When The body goes through stress what is its responds?
The general adaption syndrome
Explain the phases within the general adaption syndrome.
Alarm phase
resistance phase
Exhaustion phase
Alarm phase
The initial stress response Physiological response: Increased : blood volume Blood glucose Epinephrine Norepinephrine Heart rate Blood flow to muscles Oxygen intake Mental alertness Dilated pupils
It is also termed the shock phase
Resistance phase
Occurs after Long duration of stress The body's starting to adapt to the stress Opposite of alarm phase Physiological response Normalized: Hormone levels Heart rate BP Cardiac output Body repairment occurs
If chronic \_\_---> allostasis Allostasic load will occur which causes wear and tear to patient and leads to illnesses Chronic hypertension Depression Chronic fatigue Autoimmune disorders
Exhaustion phase
Occurs after a very long and chronic stress response
Body can no longer resist effects of stress
Energy is diminished the individual can no longer adapt to stressors efficiently
If total exhaustion occurs the patient will eventually die
What is an appraisal
It is the way a person interprets the impaction of the stressor and how they are able to deal with it
How is primary appraisal evaluated
This persons personal meaning of stress is evaluated through the nursing history open ended questions
Example is it a harm a lost a threat or a challenge to the person
Secondary appraisal
Stress is present and the nurse evaluates the individuals coping strategies
The way individual try to reestablish equilibrium due to stress
How do individuals protect themselves from anxiety and stress
Patients Will initiate ego defense mechanisms
**Box 37-1 examples of ego defense mechanism *******
Compensation:
The individual will “make up “a weaker aspect in their life to a stronger aspect in their life (rely)
for example someone who cannot communicate well will rely on their organization skills
Conversion:
Unknowingly converts stress
For example
inability to sleep well or it is not hungry
Denial:
Purposefully Avoiding to realize The truth about emotional changes
For example
an individual refuses to discuss a personal loss
Displacement:
Transfers emotional responses from a high stressful situation to a less stressful producing substitute
For example not passing a an exam and blaming or screaming at your puppy for not using their wet pad correctly
Identification:
Adapting to someone else’s pattern of behavior such as when replicating their characteristics qualities and actions
Dissociation:
Inability to connect with your surrounding and also experiencing a sense of numbing
Regression:
Coping with a stressor through actions and behaviors associated with an earlier developmental period
Crisis
You’re coping mechanisms do not work with the overwhelming stress
The individual must change
Developmental crisis
Situational crisis
Adventitious crisis
Examples
Developmental crisis occurs through developmental stages of life for example anything let me happy when you are an infant and add the lessons as an older adult
Situational crisis occurs when when stress is applied towards a change of job a car crash ,A sudden death, or in any severe illness occurring
An adventitious crisis occurs for example when a natural disaster occurs a man-made disaster or crime of violence
Neumann system model
Focuses on the responses due to stress as.individual or family is constantly changing and explains why their responses occur
Primary prevention occurs when the nurse promotes wellness and stress prevention and reducing any risk factors
Secondary prevention occurs when there is stress present and the nurse choose this or does interventions to help cope with the stress
Tertiary prevention begins as the patient is recuperating from the stress and the nurse help by rehabilitation and helping the patient back to health
How does the nurse promote stress management techniques
Interventions;
regular exercise promotes relaxation
The patient feels better is able to relieve stress doing exercise
Evaluating and identifying the patient support system family is important patient is able to better cooperate when patient is with them
Guided imagery/visualization
the nurse uses guided imagery to create a picture in the patient’s mind that I will relax them and promote happiness but the nurse must make sure what she or he says to the patient is relevant to the patient and does not cause a negative it effect
Muscle relaxation;
have the patient do deep chest breathing which will promote a relaxed state and the tightly and relaxation of muscles will directly affect the physiological symptom of muscle tension
Music or art therapy;
put on music that the patient likes to be able to relax them and also if patient is into art have them express and express their stress through art
Journal writing;
patients are sometimes not able to express themselves public
so one must give them the option to be able to write in a journal to express personal ideas and express and relieve stress
CrisIs intervention
It is direct interventions to help patient realize and make connections between their emotions and reality help them see the situation clearly
How do factors influenced stress and coping
Age; children identify stressors related to their physical appearance families friends School
Pre-adolescent :relate stressed to
self-esteem issues
changing family structure
hospitalizations
Adolescent :relate stress to peer groups Family separation peer pressure sex jobs school career choices
Adult: relate stress to Family Career parents death in Children leaving home physical aging
Past experiences
To deal with stress better
Support systems
Family can offer advice and emotional support will be able to decrease stress inpatient
Mind body
Physiological threats perspective
Initiation of fight or flight response
Local adaption syndrome
Response to Stress to a local body part
Common responses: reflexed pain response and inflammatory response
