Ch.4 Test Flashcards
Acid
pH of 6.9 and below
Base
pH of 7.1 and above
How does the pH operate as a logarithmic function?
negative base 10 logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
Activation energy and how does it affect a chemical reaction?
amount of energy needed to cause a reaction to start
How does an enzyme/catalyst change the activation energy?
changes the activation energy by lowering it
Stoichiometric equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Stoichiometric equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O
What are the products formed in photosynthesis
C6H12O6 + 6O2
What are the products formed in cellular respiration
6CO2 + 6H2O
1st Law of Thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
when converting from one form to another there is always a loss of useful energy; entropy a measure of the amount of energy which is unavailable to do work
Potential energy
energy matter has because of its position
Kinetic energy
energy contained in moving objects
Forces that drive the transition phases in water from solid to gas
temperature and pressure; sublimation: endothermic phase transition
What type of energy is lost most often in energy conversions?
heat
How does the efficiency of energy conversion vary in reactions involving changing electricity into light?
idek mang
What are the byproducts of industrial energy conversion?
ideeekkk
Members of the halogen family
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine
What are halogens
reactive nonmetallic elements that form strong acidic compounds with hydrogen, thus producing simple salts
Members of the noble gas family
helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon
What part(s) of the atom interact with other atoms in a typical molecular reaction?
electrons
A hypothesis can eventually become a theory only if it can…
be proven true
What are the orderly steps of the Scientific Method?
- observation
- question
- hypothesis
- design & experiment
- use of statistical tests to evaluate results’ significance
- acceptance or rejection
Atomic theory
all matter is made up of tiny invisible particles (atoms)
Components of the atom
electrons and protons & neutrons in the nucleus
How is an ion formed
when an atom/molecule where the total number of electrons is not equal to the number of protons, thus giving it either a positive or negative charge
Example of an ion
H2O molecule, polar —> unequal sharing of electrons thus molecule is slightly negative
Isotope
different form of an element where the number of neutrons are different in comparison to the common form of the element
Example of an isotope
C-14, 8 neutrons 6 protons
Mixture
variable combinations of atoms/molecules
*components don’t react
Compound
molecule containing two or more different types of atoms
*components react and original properties are lost
How does water exist as hydronium
when a positively charged hydrogen ion bonds with an H2O molecule through a covalent bond
How does water exist as hydroxide
through the loss of a proton from an H2O molecule
Look at camera roll for energy flow chart
u niglet
Independent variable
variable that is manipulated
Dependent variable
variable that is measured
Control group
used as a comparison
