CH4 Learning and personality

Question 1

Definition of Classical Conditioning:

Answer 1

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.

Question 2

Pavlov’s Conditioning:

Answer 2

conditioned the dawg

Question 3

Pavlov’s Famous Experiment:

Answer 3

Pavlov’s famous research involved conditioning dogs using bells and food.

Question 4

Watson’s Little Albert Experiment:

Answer 4

John Watson built on the conditioning work of Pavlov and believed that emotions could be transferred from one object or event to another person under the right circumstances.

Question 5

Little Albert’s Conditioning:

Answer 5

A young child named Little Albert was exposed to a white rat, a stimulus that wouldn’t typically provoke fear. However, each time the rat was presented, a loud noise was produced by striking a steel bar with a hammer, causing the child to jump and cry. This process was repeated multiple times.

Question 6

Natural Relationship:

Answer 6

A natural connection must exist between a stimulus (object or event) and a reaction.

Question 7

Pairing with Neutral Stimulus:

Answer 7

The stimulus triggering the reaction is paired with a neutral stimulus for several trials.

Question 8

Unconditioned Stimulus (US):

Answer 8

The loud noise, unconditionally and naturally triggering a response.

Question 9

Unconditioned Response (UR):

Answer 9

The fear reaction, an automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 10

Neutral Stimulus (NS):

Answer 10

The white rat, which in normal situations does not elicit an automated response.

Question 11

Conditioned Stimulus (CS):

Answer 11

The white rat, after being paired with the loud noise over time, becomes the conditioned stimulus.

Question 12

Conditioned Response (CR):

Answer 12

Conditioned Response (CR):

Question 13

Anxiety as a Disorder:

Answer 13

Anxiety is considered a disorder when it appears excessive compared to relevant cultural norms.

Question 14

Personality Traits:

Answer 14

Personality traits are a person’s typical ways of thinking, behaving, and feeling.

Question 15

States vs. Traits

Answer 15

States are transient, while traits endure over time.
Influencing Factors: Personality results from a mix of genetic factors and learning from parents and friends.

Question 16

3. Freudian Defense Mechanisms:

Answer 16

Freudian defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies to manage conflicts within the three parts of the personality (id, ego, superego) during stress.

Question 17

ID

Answer 17

-The childish, impulsive part of your personality.
-Desires and impulses without self-control.

Question 18

Ego

Answer 18

-The conscious part of your personality.
-Deals with conflicts between the ID and superego.

Question 19

Superego:

Answer 19

-All about self-control and limitations.
-Acts as a moral compass, restraining the ID’s impulses.

Question 20

Theory of Personality

Answer 20

Focus on self-concept, incorporating self-worth, self-image, and ideal self.