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ORAL PATHOLOGY > CH4 Infectious Diseases & Lesions > Flashcards

CH4 Infectious Diseases & Lesions Flashcards

1
Q

Infectious bacterial skin infections
Usually seen in young children
Requires nonintact skin for infection
Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus
Treatment: Topical or systemic antibiotics

A

Impetigo

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2
Q

Inflammation of the tonsils and pharyngeal mucosa
Likely spread by contact with infectious nasal or oral secretions
Group A β-hemolytic streptococci: Scarlet fever and rheumatic fever

A

Tonsillitis & Pharyngitis

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3
Q

Clinical features include sore throat, fever, tonsillar hyperplasia, and erythema of the oropharyngeal mucosa and tonsils

A

Tonsillitis & Pharyngitis

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4
Q

Usually occurs in children
Fever
Generalized red skin rash caused by a toxin released by the bacteria

A

Scarlet Fever

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5
Q

Oral manifestations in addition to streptococcal tonsillitis and pharyngitis include:
Petechiae on the soft palate
Strawberry tongue
Fungiform papillae are red and prominent, with the dorsal surface of the tongue exhibiting either a white coating or erythema

A

Scarlet Fever

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6
Q

A childhood disease that appears after a group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection
Characterized by an inflammatory reaction involving the heart, joints, and central nervous system

Heart valve damage may occur
This may require that the patient be premedicated before dental hygiene treatment

A

Rheumatic Fever

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7
Q

Rare oral ulcerations like Painful, Non-healing, Slowly enlarging ulcers
Usually caused by the organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Oral lesions: Chronic granulomatous lesions with areas of necrosis surrounded by macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, and lymphocytes (Biopsy will determine)
Skin test
Chest radiographs

A

Tuberculosis (bacterial infection)

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8
Q

Which bacterial infection are these signs and symptoms of ?
Fever, chills, fatigue, malaise, weight loss, persistent cough

A

Tuberculosis

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9
Q

Which type of tuberculosis is WIDESPREAD?

A

Miliary tuberculosis

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10
Q

Which type of tuberculosis has to do with the SUBMANDIBULAR & CERVICAL LYMPH NODES?

A

Scrofula or Tuberculous Lymphadenitis

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11
Q

True or False?

Tuberculosis incidence has been related to HIV infection and increased immigration from countries where tuberculosis is endemic

A

True

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12
Q

True or False?

Tuberculosis is considered an occupationally transmitted disease in dentistry

A

True

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13
Q

True or False?

Standard precautions can prevent transmission

A

True

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14
Q

True or False?

If the patient has active tuberculosis, routine treatment can be deferred

A

True

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15
Q

An infection caused by a filamentous bacterium: Actinomyces israelii

Draining abscesses

Treatment: Long-term, high doses of antibiotics

A

Actinomycosis (bacterial infection)

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16
Q

Caused by a spirochete: Treponema pallidum
Organisms die when exposed to air and changes in temperature
Transmitted by: Direct contact, Sexual contact, Transfusion of infected blood to a fetus from infected mother

A

Syphilis (bacterial infection)

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17
Q

Which stage of Syphilis is associated with CHANCRE?

A

Primary stage

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18
Q

Which stage of Syphilis is associated with MUCOUS PATCHES?

Oral lesions that appear as multiple, painless, grayish-white plaques covering ulcerated mucosa
These lesions are the most infectious
They undergo spontaneous remission but may recur for months or years

A

Secondary stage

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19
Q

Which stage of Syphilis is associated with NOTHING?

A

Latent stage

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20
Q

Which stage of Syphilis is associated with GUMMA?

A firm noninfectious mass; destructive lesion that can result in perforation of the palatal
Involves the cardiovascular system and the nervous system

A

Tertiary stage

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21
Q

Treponema pallidum can cross the placenta and enter the fetal circulation
Causes serious, irreversible damage to the child, including facial and dental abnormalities

A

Congenital Syphilis (bacterial infection)

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22
Q

Treatment of Syphilis

A

Penicillin

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23
Q

A painful, erythematous gingivitis with necrosis of interdental papillae
Most likely caused by both a fusiform bacillus and a spirochete (Borrelia vincentii)
Associated with decreased resistance to infection

A

Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis “NUG” or “Trench Mouth”
(bacterial infection)

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24
Q

Necrosis results in cratering of the interdental papillae
Sloughing of necrotic tissue causes a pseudomembrane to form over the tissue

A

Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis “NUG” or “Trench Mouth”
(bacterial infection)

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25
Q

Treatment of Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (Trench Mouth)

A

Gentle debridement
Antibiotics if fever present

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26
Q

Inflammation around the crown of a partially erupted, impacted tooth

Most commonly a lower third molar

Trauma from an opposing molar and impacted food under the soft tissue flap (operculum) may precipitate

A

Pericoronitis (bacterial infection)

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27
Q

Treatment of Pericoronitis

A

Irrigation of the pocket
Systemic antibiotics
Long-term solution is removal of the offending tooth
Mechanical debridement

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28
Q

Acute inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
Most commonly the result of a periapical abscess
May follow fracture of a bone
May result from a bacteremia

A

Acute Osteomyelitis

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29
Q

Nonviable bone
Necrotic debris
Acute inflammation
Bacterial colonies in marrow spaces

A

Acute Osteomyelitis

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30
Q

A long-standing inflammation of bone
The involved bone is painful and swollen
Radiographs reveal a diffuse and irregular radiolucency that can eventually become opaque
Known as chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis when radiopacity develops

A

Chronic Osteomyelitis

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31
Q

Due to an overgrowth of Candida albicans, aka THRUSH
This can result from many different conditions:
Antibiotics, cancer chemotherapy, corticosteroid therapy, dentures, diabetes mellitus, HIV infection, hypoparathyroidism, infancy, multiple myeloma, primary T cell deficiency, xerostomia

A

Candidiasis (fungal infection)

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32
Q

A white curdlike material is present on the mucosal surface
The mucosa is erythematous underneath
The patient may complain of a burning sensation and/or a metallic taste

A

Pseudomembranous Candidiasis (fungal infection)

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33
Q

The presenting complaint is of an erythematous, often painful mucosa
May be localized to one area of oral mucosa or be more generalized

A

Erythematous Candidiasis (fungal infection)

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34
Q

The most common type of candidiasis
The mucosa is erythematous, but only in the mucosa covered by a full or partial denture
Most common on the palate and maxillary alveolar ridge
Usually asymptomatic

A

Denture Stomatitis (Chronic Atrophic Candidiasis - fungal infection)

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35
Q

A white lesion that does not wipe off the mucosa
responds to antifungal medication
If the lesion does not heal with the medication, should refer to oral surgeon for biopsy

A

Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis (Candidal Leukoplakia - fungal infection)

36
Q

A white lesion that does not wipe off the mucosa
responds to antifungal medication
If the lesion does not heal with the medication, should refer to oral surgeon for biopsy

A

Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis (Candidal Leukoplakia - fungal infection)

37
Q

Erythema or fissuring at the labial commissures
Most commonly from Candida, but may be caused by other factors such as nutritional deficiency

A

Angular Cheilitis (fungal infection)

38
Q

Erythematous, rhomboid-shaped
Flat to raised area on the midline of the posterior dorsal tongue
Candida has been identified in some lesions, and some lesions disappear with antifungal treatment

A

Median Rhomboid Glossitis (fungal infection)

39
Q

Oral lesions may be caused by_____ such as histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, and cryptococcosis
They primarily involve the lungs and there is a regional distribution of these lesions

A

Deep Fungal Infections

40
Q

100 + types of _____ (HPV)
Verruca vulgaris, Condyloma acuminatum, Focal epithelial hyperplasia
HPV is also implicated in neoplasia

A

Human Papillomavirus Infection (HPV)

41
Q

A papillary oral lesion caused by a papillomavirus transmitted from skin to oral mucosa
Autoinoculation usually occurs through finger sucking or fingernail biting
Usually a white, papillary, exophytic lesion that closely resembles a papilloma

A

Verruca Vulgaris (Common Wart - viral infection)

42
Q

True or False?

Verruca Vulgaris lesion may recur from a conservative surgical excision

A

True

43
Q

A benign papillary lesion caused by a papillomavirus
Generally transmitted by sexual contact
May be transmitted to the oral cavity through oral-genital contact or self-inoculation
Papillary, bulbous pink masses that can occur anywhere in the oral mucosa
Multiple lesions may be present

A

Condyloma Acuminatum (viral infection)

44
Q

Characterized by the presence of multiple whitish to pale pink nodules distributed throughout the oral mucosa
Most common in children
Lesions are generally asymptomatic and do not require treatment
Resolve spontaneously within a few weeks

A

Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia (Heck Disease - viral infection)

45
Q

Has a Type 1 and type 2
Oral infections: mostly by type 1
Genital infections are most commonly caused by type 2

A

Herpes Simplex Infection (viral infection)

46
Q

Initial infection with herpes simplex virus
Painful, erythematous, and swollen gingiva, multiple tiny vesicles/ulcers on perioral skin, vermilion border of lips, and oral mucosa.
Systemic symptoms such as fever, malaise and cervical lymphadenopathy
Most commonly occurs in children 6mo-6 yrs of age.

A

Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis (viral infection)

47
Q

Virus persists in a latent state
Usually in nerve tissue of the trigeminal ganglion
High incidence- up to half of the population experiences

A

Recurrent Herpes Simplex Infection

48
Q

Where is the most common area for Recurrent Herpes Simplex Infection to occur?

A

On the lips (Herpes Labialis)

49
Q

True or False?

Recurrent Herpes Simplex Infection can occur intraorally on keratinized mucosa that is attached to bone

A

True

50
Q

True or False?

The highest amount of the virus (Recurrent Herpes Simplex Infection) is in the vesicle stage

A

True

51
Q

True or False?

Sunlight or menstruation can cause Recurrent Herpes Simplex Infection

A

True

52
Q

A painful infection of the fingers caused by a primary or secondary infection

A

Herpetic Whitlow (Recurrent Herpes Simplex Infection - viral infection)

53
Q

Causes both chickenpox (_____) and shingles (_____)
Transmitted through respiratory aerosols and contact with secretions from skin lesions
Highly contagious!

A

Varicella-Zoster Virus

54
Q

Secondary chickenpox in an adult
Characterized by a unilateral, painful eruption of vesicles along the distribution of a sensory nerve
Any branch of the trigeminal nerve may be involved if lesions affect the face
Vesicles are often preceded by pain, burning, or paresthesia
The disease usually lasts for several weeks
Neuralgia may take months to resolve

A

Herpes Zoster: Shingles

55
Q

Often transmitted by kissing aka “the kissing disease”

A

Infectious Mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr Virus)

56
Q

An irregular, corrugated, white lesion, commonly occurs on the lateral border of the tongue
It occurs most commonly in patients infected with HIV

A

Hairy Leukoplakia (Epstein-Barr Virus)

57
Q

Transmitted by:
Fecal-oral contamination
Saliva
Respiratory droplets

A

Coxsackievirus Infections

58
Q

Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia)
Vesicles on the soft palate
Erythematous pharyngitis
Resolves in less than 1 week without treatment

A

Herpangina (Coxsackievirus Infection)

59
Q

Usually occurs in epidemics in children less than 5 years old- ie; daycare, school, playgroups

Multiple macules or papules occur on the skin, typically on the feet, toes, hands, and fingers
Oral lesions are painful vesicles that can occur anywhere in the mouth

Resolves within 2 weeks

A

Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Coxsackievirus Infection)

60
Q

Characterized by fever, sore throat, and mild headache

Hyperplastic lymphoid tissue of the soft palate or tonsillar pillars appears as yellowish or dark pink nodules

Lasts several days to 2 weeks and does not usually require treatment

A

Acute Lympho-nodular Pharyngitis (Coxsackievirus Infection)

61
Q

Caused by a paramyxovirus virus

A highly contagious disease which caused systemic symptoms and a skin rash

Koplik spots, small erythematous macules, may occur in the oral cavity

A

Measles (viral infection)

62
Q

A viral infection of the salivary glands

Most commonly causes bilateral swelling of the parotid glands

A

Mumps (viral infection)

63
Q

True or False?

HIV is transmitted by sexual contact with an infected person, by contact with infected blood or blood products; from infected mothers to their infants.

A

True

64
Q

True or False?

Many individuals experience an acute disease shortly after infection with HIV, but others are asymptomatic and progressive immunodeficiency can develop

Two antibody tests are used to determine whether a person is infected:
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is used first
When this test is positive twice, it is followed by the Western blot test

A

True

65
Q

True or False?

As the immune system becomes deficient, life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers occur

A

True

66
Q

Antibodies to HIV usually begin to become detectable about__ weeks after infection

A

6 weeks

67
Q

In some people, antibodies may not be detectable for__ months or up to a year or longer

This is called the “__________”

A

6 months

“window of infectivity”

68
Q

HIV stands for

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

69
Q

AIDS stands for

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

70
Q

Recurrence is common in HIV-positive patients, it generally signals the beginning of progressively severe immunodeficiency

A

Oral Candidiasis (Thrush)

71
Q

Generally follows the usual pattern when it occurs in a person who is HIV positive
In the facial and oral area, the lesions follow branches of the trigeminal nerve
It is a sign of developing immunodeficiency

A

Herpes Zoster

72
Q

Caused by Epstein-Barr virus
A predictor of AIDS in HIV-positive individuals
Chronic tongue chewing and hyperplastic candidiasis can produce a similar lesion
No treatment

A

Hairy Leukoplakia

73
Q

Associated with HIV infection

May have normal color or be erythematous

May be associated with antiretroviral treatment

A

Human Papillomavirus Infections

74
Q

An opportunistic neoplasm that may occur in patients with HIV infection
Most commonly located on the palate and gingiva

A

Kaposi Sarcoma

75
Q

A malignant tumor that may occur in association with HIV infection

Appears as a nonulcerated, necrotic, or ulcerated mass

May be surfaced by ulcerated or normal-colored erythematous mucosa

A

Lymphoma

76
Q

Spontaneous bleeding
Punctate or petechiae-like lesions on attached gingiva and alveolar mucosa
A bandlike erythema of the gingiva that does not respond to therapy

A

Linear Gingival Erythema (LGE)

77
Q

Characterized by intense erythema and extremely rapid bone loss

Necrotizing stomatitis
Extensive focal areas of bone loss along with features of ___

A

Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis (NUP)

78
Q

A decrease in platelets may occasionally be seen in patients with ___

It may be due to an autoimmune type of thrombocytopenic purpura

In these patients, “a platelet count and bleeding time should be considered before deep scaling procedures”

A

HIV

79
Q

There appears to be an increase in the number of ____ ulcers in patients with HIV infection

They respond to steroids

A

Aphthous Ulcers

80
Q

Bilateral parotid gland enlargement may occur in patients who are HIV positive
May be related to medication or _____

A

Salivary Gland Disease

81
Q

What is impetigo?

A

An infectious bacterial skin infection usually seen in young children
Requires nonintact skin for infection
Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus

82
Q

What organism causes syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

83
Q

What are the various forms of Candida?

A

Pseudomembranous candidiasis
Erythematous candidiasis
Denture stomatitis
Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis
Angular cheilitis
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
Median rhomboid glossitis

84
Q

What is a wart?

A

A papillary oral lesion caused by a papillomavirus

85
Q

What causes mononucleosis?

A

Often transmitted by kissing aka “the kissing disease”

86
Q

What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?

A

HIV is an acute infection whereas AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV leading to progressive immunodeficiency

ORAL PATHOLOGY (3 decks)

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