Ch4 and Sound it Out

Question 1

this includes the specific situation or context in which language is used and shared

Answer 1

discourse level

Question 2

expression, intonation contours, and tone of voice, all of which communicate ideas and emotions

Answer 2

prosody

Question 3

this is a direct form of communication accompanied by gestures and facial expressions that take place in a shared context

Answer 3

oral language

Question 4

an indirect form of communication and must contain complete, freestanding messages to make meaning clear

Answer 4

written language

Question 5

these two things are often the reader’s only cues to the emotions and intent of the writer

Answer 5

punctuation and word choice

Question 6

second level that children must negotiate; after discourse level

Answer 6

words

Question 7

why is oral language hard for kids to decipher

Answer 7

words are not distinct when speaking

Question 8

children must segment the speech sounds or _________ within words and match them to the letters in print

Answer 8

phonemes

Question 9

letters and individual speech sounds must be understood as discrete units that match in systematic ways in order to master reading and spelling in English

Answer 9

alphabetic principle

Question 10

this is basically a paraphrase or spontaneous retelling at the discourse level that children produce while turning the pages of a familiar book

Answer 10

pretend reading

Question 11

more exacting than pretend reading; makes it sounds as though the child is actually reading; accurate reciting of the text

Answer 11

memory reading

Question 12

children gradually acquire ______; realizing that they should move left to right, top to bottom, and end up on the last word on the page

Answer 12

directionality

Question 13

the ability to fingerpoint or track accurately to words in print while reading form memory is a phenomenon called

Answer 13

concept of word in text

Question 14

emergent readers are in what Ehri calls the ________ phase of reading

Answer 14

prealphabetic

Question 15

like emergent reading, emergent writing is largely this

Answer 15

pretend

Question 16

children begin to write by approximating the broader contours of the writing system; they start with the linear arrangement of print which is known as

Answer 16

mock linear

Question 17

once children attain this, they are no longer emergent learners

Answer 17

alphabetic principle

Question 18

in this part of the emergent stage, learners learn to hold writing sticks and make scribbles on paper

Answer 18

early

Question 19

in this stage they approximate the most global contours of the writing system; linear arrangement

Answer 19

middle

Question 20

in this stage kids begin to use letters to represent speech sounds in systematic ways

Answer 20

late

Question 21

partial representations of sounds

Answer 21

phonetic spelling

Question 22

isolate individual sounds in the word and apply their knowledge of letter names

Answer 22

phonics

Question 23

t/f learners need lots of teacher-scaffoleded experiences with reading and writing for real purposes

Answer 23

t

Question 24

promote oral language discussions around vocab, ideas, and concepts related to the content and genre of a book as teachers read aloud to children

Answer 24

interactive read-alouds

Question 25

teachers read with students from enlarged texts like big books and charts on which children can see the print and join in

Answer 25

shared reading

Question 26

showing where to begin to read on the page, or demonstrate left-to-right directionality and the return sweep at the end of each line

Answer 26

print referencing

Question 27

conventions of written language known as

Answer 27

concepts about print

Question 28

four criteria important in selecting target words

Answer 28

utility, concreteness, repetition in text , relatedness to themes or topics of study

Question 29

utility words are

Answer 29

words that can be used regularly in the classroom or will show up in other books

Question 30

concrete words are

Answer 30

more likely to be illustrated

Question 31

these can be used at all levels of development as children categorize objects, pictures, words, or phrases

Answer 31

concept sorts

Question 32

a well-researched approach to reading aloud that is designed to stimulate oral language and dialogue while enhancing students ability to retell stories

Answer 32

dialogic reading

Question 33

the ability to pay attention to, identify, and reflect on various sound segments of speech is known as

Answer 33

phonological awareness

Question 34

a subcategory of phonological awareness and refers to the ability to identify and reflect on the smallest units of sound: individual phonemes

Answer 34

phonemic awareness

Question 35

concrete thinkers associate the length of a word with the size of its....

Answer 35

referent

Question 36

activities that play with this focus on students' attention on the beginning sounds

Answer 36

alliteration

Question 37

sounds that can be isolated and elongated without undue distortion

Answer 37

continuant

Question 38

this makes it easier for the children to judge the categories while sorting

Answer 38

articulation

Question 39

naming and pointing out letters or asking questions about the print and pointing to words as they read

Answer 39

print referencing

Question 40

the ability to fingerpoint or track accurately to printed words in text while reading from memory

Answer 40

concept of word in text

Question 41

spoken or dictated accounts of students' experiences also help them link speech to print this approach is known as

Answer 41

language experience approach

Question 42

if a child doesn't know a word show them how to start at the beginning of the line to reread or do this up to the word in the question

Answer 42

voice point

Question 43

five components of emergent literacy development

Answer 43

vocab, language, and concept development, phonological awareness, and alphabet and letter-sound knowledge

Question 44

four steps for LEA

Answer 44

hands on, dictate a narrative account of the experience, reread the account many times as a group, dictate to develop concepts and vocab, alphabet knowledge, and much more

Question 45

voiced consonants

Answer 45

vocal chords vibrate as the sound is articulated

Question 46

voiceless consonants

Answer 46

the vocal chords do vibrate as the sound is produced

Question 47

the vowel is the ______ or most prominent part of the syllable

Answer 47

nucleus

Question 48

each syllable contains a _____

Answer 48

vowel

Question 49

short sounds are marked by ____ diacritical mark

Answer 49

breve

Question 50

sounds made when the tongue glides from one position to another withing the oral cavity as the sounds are being made

Answer 50

glides

Question 51

long vowels are marked with this diacritical marking

Answer 51

macron

Question 52

vowel sound is neither short nor long, but may be described as "somewhere in between"

Answer 52

medial vowels

Question 53

exist in different combinations, sometimes making a single vowel sound and sometimes making a blended vowel sound

Answer 53

double vowel letters

Question 54

combinations of two vowel letters that represent a single vowel sound

Answer 54

vowel digraphs

Question 55

two vowel letters that represent a blended vowel sound

Answer 55

vowel dipthongs

Question 56

a unique vowel sound that is articulated with the tongue in a neutral position in the mid-central part of the mouth; represented by upside-down e

Answer 56

shwa

Question 57

has one vowel and ends in a consonant

Answer 57

closed syllable

Question 58

ends in a vowel that is usually long

Answer 58

open syllable

Question 59

has a vowel followed by a consonant followed by a silent e; the vowel is usually long

Answer 59

silent e syllable

Question 60

syllables divided between vowels and are relatively rare in english words

Answer 60

double vowel

Question 61

syllables occur at the end of words that end in -le

Answer 61

consonant -le

Question 62

t/f no simple set of rules can account for the system of sound-symbol relationships in our language

Answer 62

t