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Arctic. & Phonology > Ch.3 Phonetics, Phonology and Speech Sound Disorders > Flashcards

Ch.3 Phonetics, Phonology and Speech Sound Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Phonetics

A

the study of physical, physiological, and acoustic variables associated with speech sound production

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2
Q

Historical phonetics

A

the study of how sounds change over time

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3
Q

Experimental phonetics

A

the study of speech sound production; it analyzes physiological movements and acoustic properties with the help of lab instruments.

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4
Q

Articulatory phonetics

A

concentrates on how a speaker produces speech sounds

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5
Q

Acoustic phonetics

A

the study of the properties of sound waves as they travel from the vocal tract of a speaker to the ear of a listener.

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6
Q

Perceptual phonetics

A

the study of the judgments listeners make of the speech sounds they hear

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7
Q

Clinical or applied phonetics

A

the branch dedicated to practical application of the knowledge derived from experimental, articulatory, acoustic, and perceptual phonetics.

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8
Q

phoneme

A

a family of phones or sounds perceived to belong to the same category by the listener

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9
Q

allophone

A

a variant or alternate form of a phoneme within a language

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10
Q

allophonic variations

A

the varied productions of a phoneme

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11
Q

free variation

A

when an allophone CAN be exchanged for one another in a certain phonetic context without affecting the word

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12
Q

complementary distribution

A

when an allophone CANNOT be exchanged for another in specific phonetic contexts.

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13
Q

morpheme

A

the minimal unit of meaning, the smallest unit of lang. carrying semantic interpretation

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14
Q

Free morphemes

A

a whole word that cannot be broken down any further

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15
Q

Bound morphemes

A

word endings or beginnings that attach to a word to change its meaning

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16
Q

Minimal pairs

A

morphemes that are similar except for one phoneme

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17
Q

allographs

A

the different letters and letter combinations that can be used to represent the same phonemes

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18
Q

what are some acoustic aspects of speech?

A

frequency, amplitude, duration

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19
Q

Frequency

A

the rate at which an object vibrates, measured in terms of the number of vibrations per unit of time

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20
Q

pure tone

A

a single frequency that repeats itself

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21
Q

complex tones

A

a combination of different frequencies

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22
Q

periodic

A

a pattern that repeats itself

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23
Q

aperiodic

A

lacking a pattern

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24
Q

spectrum

A

a pattern of physical energy across a frequency range

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25
Q

What determines frequency?

A

pitch

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26
Q

Amplitude

A

intensity, the magnitude of vibration of a sound source

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27
Q

duration

A

a measure of time during which vibrations are sustained

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28
Q

Suprasegmental aspects of speech

A

includes pitch,stress, rate of speech, juncture

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29
Q

Pitch

A

variable sensory experience due to differing frequency of vocal fold vibrates, sentences, and continuous speech

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30
Q

intonation

A

changes in pitch contours

31
Q

Stress

A

gives prominence to certain syllables within a sequence of syllables, a segment that works at the level of syllables..

32
Q

Rate of speech

A

the numbers of words, syllables, or phonemes produced per second are the alternate measures

33
Q

Consonants

A

are phonemes produced by some narrowing or closing of the vocal tract

34
Q

consonant clusters

A

consonants produced in side-by-side combination

35
Q

pre-vocalic

A

consonants before vowel

36
Q

post-vocalic

A

consonants after vowel

37
Q

Vowels

A

sounds produced with a relatively open vocal tract configuration

38
Q

Monophthongs

A

single sounding vowels

39
Q

Diphthongs

A

double sounding vowels, made by the quick gliding of two simple vowels, so that they cannot be separated
ex: toy

40
Q

open syllable

A

when the syllable ends in a vowel

41
Q

closed syllable

A

when the syllable ends with a consonant

42
Q

Onset

A

the consonant or consonant cluster that the word starts with

43
Q

Nucleus

A

the vowel or diphthong that follows the initial consonant or cluster, middle of word

44
Q

Rhyme

A

the part that splits the nucleus and the coda

45
Q

Coda

A

the consonant or cluster that follows the nucleus

46
Q

Manner of production

A

indicates how the airstream that passes through the vocal tract is modified to form a consonant

47
Q

Place of articulation

A

indicates where along the vocal tract a constriction is formed to produce the consonant.

48
Q

Voice

A

indicates whether the vocal folds are vibrating during the consonants production

49
Q

What are the 6 Manners of Articulation?

A

stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, glides, liquids

50
Q

plosives

A

an audible burst of noise or explosion of air upon its release

51
Q

What are the 7 Places of Articulation?

A

bilabial, labiodental, linguadental (interdental), alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal

52
Q

Binary

A

a system by which a phoneme is given a plus (+) value if a feature is present and a (-) value is a feature is not

53
Q

what are the 16 sets of binary features?

A
  1. Vocalic
  2. Consonantal
  3. High
  4. Back
  5. Low
  6. Anterior
  7. Coronal
  8. Round
  9. Tense
  10. Continuant
  11. Nasal
  12. Strident
  13. Sonorant
  14. Interrupted
  15. Lateral
  16. Voice
54
Q

Obstruents

A

consonants that are made with a complete closure or narrow constriction of the oral cavity, so that the airstream is stopped or friction noise is produced

55
Q

Sibilants

A

high-frequency sounds that have a more strident quality and longer duration than most other consonants. sibilants include the fricatives and affricates.

56
Q

Approximants

A

the approximating nature of the contact between the the two articulators. sometimes glides and liquids

57
Q

Rhotic

A

a sound with /r/ coloring

58
Q

Syllabics

A

sounds that serve as a nucleus for a syllable, all vowels

this includes nasals and liquids

59
Q

what are the 4 ways that vowel articulation is described?

A

1) the position of the tongue
2) the shape of the pharynx
3) the shape of the lips
4) the muscular tension

60
Q

vowel quadrant

A

the diagram that defines the four extreme points of vowel production; high, low, front, back

61
Q

High-front vowels

A

/i/ and /I/

62
Q

Mid-front vowels

A

/e/ and /ɛ/

63
Q

Low-front vowel

A

/æ/

64
Q

Mid-central vowels

A

/ɝ/, /ɚ/, /ə/, and /ʌ/

65
Q

High-back vowels

A

/u/ and /ʊ/

66
Q

Mid-back vowels

A

/o/ and /ɔ/

67
Q

Low-back vowels

A

/ɑ/

68
Q

rounded vowels

A

vowels that are produced with the lips somewhat protruded, such as in the words “who”, “cook” and “boat”

69
Q

unrounded vowels

A

vowels that are produced with the lips in a more neutral or retracted position, as in the words “bet”, “hat”, “hot”, “hey”

70
Q

tense

A

longer in duration and produced with a higher degree of muscular tension

71
Q

lax

A

shorter in duration and produced with a lower degree of muscular tension

72
Q

Articulation disorders

A

disorders that included mainly few errors, mostly distortions, functional or organic, and they generally preserved phonemic contrasts

73
Q

Phonological disorders

A

disorders that were manifested by multiple errors that formed various patterns with lost phonemic contrasts and much reduced intelligibility

74
Q

What do the errors have “to be” to consider it related to a disorder?

A

they must be clinically significant

Arctic. & Phonology (2 decks)

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