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Arctic. & Phonology > ch.2 Anatomy and Phys of Speech Production > Flashcards

ch.2 Anatomy and Phys of Speech Production Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic systems of speech?

A

1) respiration
2) phonation
3) resonation
4) articulation

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2
Q

the lungs

A

a paired, soft and spongy structure, aid in breathing

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3
Q

the diaphragm

A

the chief muscle of inhalation, which lies just below the lungs, it separates the abdomen from the thoracic cavity

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4
Q

abdomen

A

contains the muscles that are active during inhalation

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5
Q

the thoracic cavity

A

contains the respiratory passages: the trachea,bronchial tubes, and the lungs.

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6
Q

trachea

A

a tube made up of 20 rings of cartilage, lies just beneath the larynx, serves as the main conductor chamber for air

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7
Q

bronchial tubes

A

the tubes within the lungs

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8
Q

what is cartilage made out of?

A

tough connective tissues

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the rib cage?

A

to protect the underlying thoracic organs

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10
Q

sternum

A

the chest bone, where the ribs attach to

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11
Q

costal cartilage

A

the cartilage of the ribcage

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12
Q

rib pairs 1-7 are what?

A

the true ribs

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13
Q

rib pairs 8-10 are what?

A

the false ribs

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14
Q

rib pairs 11-12 are what?

A

the floating ribs

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15
Q

external intercostals

A

lift the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the cavity for inhalation

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16
Q

internal intercostals

A

pull the ribs down to decrease the diameter of the cavity for exhalation

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17
Q

subcostals

A

pull the lower ribs down and apart to depress the thorax

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18
Q

what does speech production require?

A

modification of airflow and air pressure within the oral cavity

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19
Q

larynx

A

a cartilaginous structure suspended by muscles and ligaments attached to the U-shaped hyoid bone

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20
Q

why is the hyoid bone important?

A

it acts as a “hanger” for the larynx and its structures

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21
Q

what consists of nine cartilages?

A

the cartilaginous framework of the larynx

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22
Q

what are the larger unpaired cartilages?

A

1) thyroid
2) cricoid
3) epiglottis

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23
Q

what are the smaller paired cartilages?

A

arytenoids, corniculates and cuneiforms

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24
Q

what is commonly referred to as butterfly shaped?

A

the thyroid cartilage

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25
Q

what is another name for the adams apple?

A

the thyroid prominence

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26
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

the ring shaped protective cartilage of the larynx

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27
Q

arytenoid cartilages

A

the pointy, triangular parts of the larynx, touch when vocal folds come together

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28
Q

vocal process

A

where the vocal folds are attached

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29
Q

lateral or muscular process

A

helps the vocal folds open and close

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30
Q

what does adduct mean?

A

to bring together

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31
Q

what does abduct mean?

A

to pull apart, to separate

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32
Q

glottis

A

the space between the vocal folds

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33
Q

Bernoulli effect

A

as gases or liquids move though a constricted passage, velocity increases and pressure decreases.

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34
Q

what causes a suction action to draw together the vocal folds?

A

when a puff of air is released, a drop of air pressure occurs

35
Q

Myoelastic- aerodynamic theory

A

states that vocal folds open and close in a cyclical manner bc of the buildup of air pressure, the + and - differences and the elasticity of the muscles.

36
Q

what are the three vocal sound resonators called?

A

the pharyngeal cavity, the oral cavity, and the nasal cavity

37
Q

the pharyngeal cavity

A

throat; space modified by vertical position of the larynx (high or low) and the position of the tongue in the mouth (forward or back)

38
Q

nasal cavity

A

nose; space modified by opening and closing off of nasal cavity using the soft palate/velum.

39
Q

three sounds in English that are nasalized?

A

the consonants /m/ /n/ and /ang/

40
Q

oral cavity

A

mouth; resonating structure for all sounds except nasals. space modified through movements and positioning of the mandible, tongue, hard palate, teeth, cheekbones & velum.

41
Q

what is articulation?

A

the molding of the airstream into recognizable speech sounds by several structures in the mouth

42
Q

name the two types of articulators

A

movable and immovable

43
Q

movable articulators

A

tongue, lips, the soft palate, and the mandible or jaw.

44
Q

what are the three sections of the tongue divided into?

A

the tip, blade and the dorsal.

45
Q

what are the lips primarily made up of?

A

the orbicularis muscle

46
Q

what does the sealing of the lips allow for?

A

build up of intramural pressure for plosive sounds

47
Q

what is another name for the jaw?

A

the mandible

48
Q

velum

A

the soft palate; begins at the hard palate and extends towards the pharynx

49
Q

what is the dual role that the velum plays?

A

resonance and articulation of speech sounds

50
Q

where is the uvula suspended from?

A

the soft palate, velum

51
Q

what is a bifurcated uvula?

A

a uvula that is split down the middle

52
Q

immovable articulators

A

the hard palate,the alveolar ridge, the teeth

53
Q

the hard palate

A

separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

54
Q

how is the maxilla subdivided?

A

palatine process, alveolar process, and the premaxilla

55
Q

what houses the four upper front teeth?

A

premaxilla

56
Q

what is the common number of teeth on humans?

A

32 teeth, 16 upper and 16 lower

57
Q

auditory mechanism

A

children learn speech production through hearing what is spoken to them and around them

58
Q

what is the importance of hearing?

A

learn verbal language skills
monitor rate, volume and clarity of speech
awareness of environment and dangers

59
Q

three parts of the human ear

A

outer, middle and inner

60
Q

auricle or pinna

A

the visible part of the ear on the side of the head

61
Q

what does the pinna do?

A

it ‘funnels’ sound waves into the ear canal

62
Q

what is the key structure for transmitting frequencies common to fricatives?

A

outer ear, pinna

63
Q

middle ear

A

air filled space lined with mucous membrane

64
Q

what does the middle ear include?

A

tympanic membrane, the ossicular chain, and the eustachian tube

65
Q

what is another name for the ear drum?

A

the tympanic membrane

66
Q

what is the ossicular chain made out of?

A

three tiny bones called the malleus, incus, and stapes

67
Q

malleus

A

first part of ossicular chain; hammer

68
Q

incus

A

second part of the ossicular chain; anvil

69
Q

stapes

A

third part of the ossicular chain; stirrup

70
Q

where does the inner ear begin?

A

the oval window

71
Q

the oval window

A

a small opening in the temporal bone of the inner ear

72
Q

where does the oval window lead into?

A

the labyrinth, a portion of the inner ear

73
Q

what is the labyrinth?

A

a complex system of interconnecting canal and passages

74
Q

what does the labyrinth contain?

A

the semicircular canals and the cochlea

75
Q

what makes the semicircular canals important?

A

they maintain balance or equilibrium

76
Q

the cochlea

A

the main inner ear structure of hearing

77
Q

what is the cochlea filled with?

A

the special endolymph fluid

78
Q

what is the floor of the cochlea called?

A

the basilar membrane

79
Q

the mechanical energy from the middle ear is changed into what?

A

electrical energy

80
Q

where is the electrical energy transmitted?

A

the to VIII cranial nerve

81
Q

the organ of Corti

A

the inner ear’s most important structure of hearing, located in the floor of the cochlea, contains cilia

82
Q

what is cilia and what does it do?

A

cilia are tiny hair like receptors, which respond to sound

83
Q

vestibulo-acoustic nerve

A

picks up the electrical or neural impulses created by the movement of the cilia

84
Q

where are these electrical impulses transmitted to next?

A

the primary auditory cortex in the cerebral hemispheres

Arctic. & Phonology (2 decks)

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