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Psych 101 > Ch3. Perception and Sensation > Flashcards

Ch3. Perception and Sensation Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission for sensory info to nervous system. Automatic

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2
Q

Perception

A

process by which sensations are organized into an inner representation of world. Not automatic

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3
Q

Absolute threshold

A

minimum amount of energy to produce sensation. Based on 50% of people being able to detect stimulus

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4
Q

Difference threshold

A

minimal difference in intensity required between 2 sources of energy so that they will be perceived as being different (white paints; sugar in coffee)

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5
Q

Just noticeable difference

A

minimum amount by which a source must be increase or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived

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6
Q

Signal-detection theory

A

the view that the perception of sensory stimuli involve the interaction of physical, biological, and physical factors. How hot or cold. How loud or quiet

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7
Q

Sensitization

A

become more sensitive to stimuli

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8
Q

Desensitization

A

become less sensitive to stimuli

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9
Q

Transduction

A

changing one form of energy to another, occur in sensory organs, eyes, ears, hair cells, taste buds, receptor sites, joints, muscles

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10
Q

Feature detectors

A

neurons in the sensory cortex that fires in response to specific features of sensory info

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11
Q

Vision

A

dominant sense, more work done on this sense than any other

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12
Q

Light

A

we are only stimulated by electromagnetic energy in visible light

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13
Q

Cornea

A

transparent, protects eyes, begins bending light waves

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14
Q

Iris

A

muscle surrounding pupil allows varying amount of light to enter

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15
Q

Pupil

A

black opening where light enters the eye, sensitive to light and emotions

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16
Q

Light passes through the _____, then _____, muscle changes shape of _____ to focus image on ______

A

pupil, lens, lens, retina

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17
Q

Cataracts

A

Cloudy lens, lens yellow as we age and lose ability to accommodate

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18
Q

Image is focused on retina, inner surface of eye that contains photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

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19
Q

rods

A

light and dark

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20
Q

cones

A

RGB

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21
Q

Chemical changes are transmitted to ______ and ______ cells

A

bipolar, ganglion

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22
Q

Image on retina is ______, and unfocused

A

upside down

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23
Q

Macula

A

central area of retina, essential for vision

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24
Q

Macular degeneration

A

cause of blindness

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25
Q

Fovea

A

small area within macular composed of cones; visual acuity greatest in this area

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26
Q

Blind spot

A

where the optic nerve leaves the eye (no rods or cones)

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27
Q

Dark adaptation

A

after a period in darkness, we see better, better in young people

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28
Q

trichromatic theory

A

based on cones, combining RGB lights could create any color in spectrum

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29
Q

Opponent-processed theory

A

ganglion cells overstimulated and then briefly inhibited

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30
Q

Trichromats

A

sensitive to red-green blue-yellow- dark-light

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31
Q

Monochromats

A

light and dark

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32
Q

Dichromats

A

red and green or yellow and blue

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33
Q

Red-green color blindness

A

a genetic disorder is the most common after normal trichromatic vision (1 in 13 males)

34
Q

Visual perception

A

Process by which we make sense of sensory impressions. Studied early in 200th century by gestalt psychologists

35
Q

Law of proximity

A

stimulus elements that are closed together tend to be perceived as a group

36
Q

Law of similarity

A

similar stimuli tend to be grouped, this tendency can even dominate grouping due to proximity

37
Q

Law of closure

A

stimuli tend to be grouped into complete figures

38
Q

Law of good continuation

A

stimuli tend to be grouped as to minimize change or discontinuity

39
Q

Stroboscopic motion

A

illusion in which perception of motion is generated by series of stationary images that are presented in rapid succession. Flip books, motion pictures

40
Q

Top-down processing

A

see what you expect to see

41
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

organizing the bits and pieces of information until aware of the pattern

42
Q

Binocular cues

A

cues that require both eyes to perceive depth

43
Q

Convergence

A

based on tension of muscles in eyes as they focus on an object coming closer (cross eyes)

44
Q

Retinal disparity

A

the difference in the images cast by on each retina as objects move closer and further away.

45
Q

Monocular cues

A

create an illusion of depth. Only perceived by one eye

46
Q

Type of monocular perspective cues

A

Linear perspectives
shadowing
texture
gradient
motion parallax
overlapping
relative size
clearness

47
Q

Size constancy

A

object is perceived as same size even if retina changes

48
Q

Color constancy

A

perceive objects as same color even lighting conditions change its appearance

49
Q

Brightness constancy

A

perceiving an object as just as bright although intensity of light has changed

50
Q

Shape constancy

A

tendency to perceive and object as same shape although retinal image changes as it rotates

51
Q

Outer ear

A

Pinna, auditory canal, eardrum, (tympanic membrane)

52
Q

Middle ear

A

3 bones known as ossicles: Hammer, anvil, stirrup. Amplify sound.

53
Q

Inner ear

A

Cochlea, oval window, auditory nerve, semicircular canals.

54
Q

Stirrup

A

attached to oval window. Works in conjunction with round window that balance pleasure

55
Q

Oval window

A

transmit vibrations to cochlea

56
Q

Cochlea

A

the spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations

57
Q

Pitch theory

A

receptor sites lined up along basilar membrane

58
Q

Frequency theory

A

lower pitches must be matched to frequency

59
Q

Deafness

A

conductive (older), sensorineural deafness

60
Q

Smell

A

contributes to flavor, detects odors, info from nostril goes to brain via olfactory nerves

61
Q

Taste

A

samples molecules of substance

62
Q

Taste buds

A

taste cells, warn us of bad foods before swallowed

63
Q

Basic senses

A

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

64
Q

Touch

A

constant pressure, intermittent pressure

65
Q

Temperature

A

receptors for warmth and cold beneath skin

66
Q

Pain

A

Chronic or acute,

67
Q

Second pain

A

longer lasting, not localized, more unpleasant, involves slower c fibers. Chronic

68
Q

Acupuncture

A

stimulates nerves that reach hypothalamus and cause release of endorphins

69
Q

Gate theory

A

nervous system can handle only so much info at a time. Dull throbbing pain uses slower nerves. Scratching, rubbing, ice, stimulate faster nerves cause “bottleneck” at spinal cord

70
Q

Phantom limb pain

A

affects 2-3% with amputated limbs. May be due to activation of neurons in stump. Those who have it – reorganization of motor and somatosensory cortex

71
Q

Kinesthesis sense

A

informs about position and motion of body. Joints, tendons, muscles

72
Q

Vestibular sense

A

provides brain with info as to whether we are physically upright

73
Q

Parapsychology

A

the study of ESP and other psi phenomena or events that seem to defy accepted scientific laws

74
Q

Extra Sensory Perception

A

clairvoyance, telepathy, precognition

75
Q

Clairvoyance (remote viewing)

A

the ability to perceive events or gain information in ways that appear unaffected by distance or normal barriers.

76
Q

Telepathy

A

extrasensory perception of another’s thoughts. Cards or the ganzfeld procedure are used in the lab to test.

77
Q

Precognition

A

ability to perceive or accurately predict future events. Precognition may take the form of prophetic dreams that foretell the future. New research is done using computers.

78
Q

Psychokinesis

A

the ability to exert influence over inanimate objects by willpower (mind over matter)

79
Q

Synesthesia

A

stimulation of one sensory system involuntarily leads a person to experience an additional sensory response in a different sensory system. Taste colors, hear orange juice, etc

80
Q

Subliminal perception

A

perception of messages about which we have no awareness

Psych 101 (3 decks)

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