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Psych 101 > Ch1. Introduction to Psychology > Flashcards

Ch1. Introduction to Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

psychology

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Psychologists

A

try to describe, predict, and explain human behavior and mental processes using scientific methods to find answers.

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3
Q

Behaviors

A

actions, thoughts, emotions, perceptions, reasoning processes, memories and biological activities that maintain bodily functioning

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4
Q

behaviorial neuroscience

A

study of how the brain and the nervous system, and other biological aspects of the body, determine behavior

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5
Q

experimental psychology

A

study of the processes of sense, perception, learning, and thinking.

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6
Q

cognitive psychology

A

a sub-specialty of experimental psychology focusing on higher mental processes, such as thinking, memory, reasoning, problem-solving, judging, decision making, and language.

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7
Q

developmental psychology

A

study of how people grow and change throughout life.

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8
Q

personality psychology

A

study of consistency in people’s behavior across their lives as well as traits that differentiate one person from another.

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9
Q

health psychology

A

explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease.

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10
Q

clinical psychology

A

the study, diagnoses, and treatment of psychological disorders.

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11
Q

counseling psychology

A

focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.

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12
Q

social psychology

A

study of how people’s thoughts, feelings and actions are affected by others.

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13
Q

cross-cultured psychology

A

study of the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups.

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14
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

study of how behavior is influenced by our genetics inheritance from our ancestors. Stems from Darwin’s On the Origin of Species.

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15
Q

behavioral genetics

A

understand how we might inherit certain behavioral traits and how the environment influences whether we display such traits.

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16
Q

clinical neuropsychology

A

unites the areas of neuroscience and clinical psychology and focuses on the origin of psychological disorders in biological factors.

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17
Q

Structuralism

A

A focus on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness, thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities

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18
Q

introspection

A

A procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus

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19
Q

Functionalism

A

an approach that concentrates on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments. Developed by William James

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20
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

uses a series of principles to describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes

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21
Q

Five Major Perspectives

A

neuroscience, cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, psychodynamic

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22
Q

neuroscience perspective

A

The approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, then nervous system, and other biological functions

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23
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

The approach that focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world

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24
Q

behavioral perspective

A

The approach that suggests that the focus should be on external behavior that can be objectively measured with observed

25
Q

humanistic perspective

A

Suggests that individual naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior

26
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

The approach based on the view that behavior is motivated by inner forces that conflicts about which we have little awareness or control

27
Q

Scientific Method

A

an approach through which psychologists systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest.

28
Q

Formulate an Explanation

A

Specify a theory and develop a hypothesis

29
Q

Carry out research

A

Devise an operational definition of the hypothesis. Select a research method. Collect the data. Analyze the data

30
Q

Communicate the findings

A

Papers, presentations, posters, other researchers: review and critique, attempt to replicate, use present research in future research

31
Q

Identify questions of interest stemming from

A

Behavior and phenomenon requiring explanation
Prior research findings
Curiosity, creativity, insight

32
Q

Theories

A

Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest

33
Q

Hypothesis

A

A prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested

34
Q

operational definitions

A

the translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed

35
Q

Archival research

A

existing data are examined to test a hypothesis
+ Cheap
- the data may not be in a form that allows the researcher to test a hypothesis fully, information could be incomplete or collected haphazardly

36
Q

naturalistic observation

A

an investigator observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in a room.
+ sample of what people do in their natural habitat
- cannot control factors of interest

37
Q

survey research

A

people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes.
+if sample is representative, make it possible to infer how a larger group would respond
- results will be largely inconsequential if the sample is not representative
- responders may be untruthful

38
Q

Case study

A

an in-depth, intensive investigation of an individual or a small group of people
+ insights c an improve our understanding of people in general
- small samples or unique individuals make it impossible to make a valid generalization about a larger population

39
Q

Correlation research

A

the relationship between two sets of variables in examined to determine whether they are associated or correlated.
- correlational research cannot demonstrate cause and effect relationships

40
Q

Variables

A

behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change, or vary, in some way

41
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

42
Q

Experiment

A

the investigation of the relationship between two or more variables by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects on the seconds variable

43
Q

experimental manipulation

A

the change that an experimenter deliberately produces in a situation

44
Q

Experimental Research

A

research designed to discover causal relationships between various factors
+ only way psychologist can establish cause and effect relationships
- to be valid, requires careful control

45
Q

Treatment

A

the manipulation implemented by the experimenter

46
Q

experimental group

A

any group participating in an experiment that receives a treatment

47
Q

control group

A

a group participating in an experiment that receives no treatment

48
Q

independent variable

A

variable that is manipulated

49
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that is measured

50
Q

random assignment to condition

A

a procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups or “conditions” on the basis of chance alone

51
Q

significant outcome

A

indicates that the findings of a research study are statistically meaningful

52
Q

replicated research

A

the repetition of research, sometimes using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants, to increase confidence in prior findings

53
Q

Informed consent

A

a document signed by participants affirming that they have been told about the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve.
Debriefing: after participation in a study, participants receive an explanation of the study and the procedures that were involved

54
Q

Experimental bias:

A

factors that distort the way the independent variables affect the dependent variable in an experiment

55
Q

placebo

A

A false treatment, such as a pill, “drug,” or other substance, without any significant chemical properties or active ingredient.

56
Q

double-blind procedure

A

both the experimenter and the participants are “blind” to the nature of the substance being administered

57
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

Worked on animal behavior. First woman to receive a doctorate in psychology.

58
Q

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

A

One of the first psychologists to focus on child development and on women’s issues. Refuted the view that women’s abilities periodically declined during their menstrual cycle

59
Q

Mary Calkins

A

Studied memory and was the first female president of the American Psychological Association

Psych 101 (3 decks)

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