Ch.3: Federalism

Question 1

A system in which the national government shares power with lower levels of government

Answer 1

Federalism

Question 2

one dominated by the central or national government, in which lower levels of government have little independent power.

Answer 2

unitary system

Question 3

The Constitution grants two types of powers to the U.S. Congress:

Answer 3

Expressed and Implied

Question 4

are found at the end of Section 8, which grants Congress the right “to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper” (known as the necessary and proper clause) to execute its expressed powers.

Answer 4

Implied powers

Question 5

this means that when there is a conflict between federal and state law, federal law prevails. Supreme Law of the Land

Answer 5

Supreme Clause

Question 6

“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”

Reserved powers, or powers that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states, are derived from the Tenth Amendment.

The Anti-Federalists, who feared a strong national government, pressed hardest for ratification of the XXXX

Answer 6

Tenth Amendment

Question 7

A given state has the ability to develop and enforce criminal codes, administer health and safety rules, and regulate marriage and divorce laws.

States also regulate individual livelihoods (through licenses to practice medicine, law, and various other professions), and define and enforce laws concerning private property.

Answer 7

Police power

Question 8

The states and the federal government also share certain powers.

In some areas, states share concurrent powers with the national government whereby they retain and share some power to regulate commerce and affect currency (e.g., by being able to charter banks, grant or deny licenses to engage in a business or practice a trade, regulate the conditions of labor, and levy taxes).

Answer 8

Concurrent power

Question 9

Requires that states give “full faith and credit” to each other’s “public acts, records, and judicial proceedings.”

Put another way, states are normally expected to honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state.

However, if a practice in one state is against the “strong public policy” of another state, then the state against the practice is not obligated to recognize it.

Answer 9

Full faith and credit

Question 10

This has come to mean that a state cannot discriminate against someone from another state or give special privileges to its own residents

Answer 10

Privilege and immunities

Question 11

are agreements between states to deal with issues that cross state lines, such as environmental concerns and transportation systems.

Answer 11

Interstate Compact

Question 12

a guarantee of noninterference in various areas of local affairs.

Answer 12

home rule

Question 13

a constitutional interpretation that gave the federal government exclusive control over some issues and states exclusive control over others.

Answer 13

Dual Federalism

Question 14

states performed the majority of governing over citizens’ day-to-day lives. List 3 responsibilities

Answer 14

Economic regulation and property law
Civil law (marriage, divorce, adoption)
Criminal law

Question 15

The Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. Congress had, through its implied powers, the legal right to charter a national bank.

Answer 15

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Question 16

The Supreme Court established the supremacy of the national government in all matters affecting interstate commerce.

Answer 16

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824):

Question 17

In 1937, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a series of decisions that expanded the federal government’s power under the commerce clause to protect the rights of workers, extend low-interest credit to farmers and small businesses, and restrict the activities of corporations with dealings in the stock market.

Answer 17

Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal

Question 18

the principle that a state does not have to submit to national laws in cases where it contends that the national government exceeded its authority.

Answer 18

State’s Right

Question 19

declared that southern states were not constitutionally bound by Supreme Court decisions outlawing racial segregation.

Answer 19

The Southern Manifesto

Question 20

helped bring about increased federal action.

State and local governments struggled to handle the needs of the jobless and the poor.

Upon taking office in 1933, president Franklin Roosevelt pledged he would head a more activist federal government to address these problems.

Answer 20

The Great Depression in 1930s

Question 21

funds provided by the federal government to a state or local government for a specific purpose.

Answer 21

Grants-in-aid

Question 22

grant programs in which state and local governments submit proposals to federal agencies and for which funding is provided on a competitive basis.

Answer 22

project grants

Question 23

grants-in-aid in which a formula is used to determine the amount of federal funds a state or local government will receive

Answer 23

formula grants

Question 24

model in which the various levels of government work together to solve policy problems, often with the federal government providing some portion of the funding, which is spent by the states or localities

Answer 24

cooperative Federalism

Question 25

Dual federalism as layer cake

Cooperative federalism as marble cake

Answer 25

Mortin Grodzin’s cake analogy

Question 26

With increased funding, the federal government demanded higher standards and stricter uses for funds

Answer 26

Regulated federalism

Question 27

The principal that allows national government to override state or local actions in certain policy areas

XXXX occurs when state or local actions do not agree with national requirements.

Answer 27

Preemption

Question 28

rules forcing states to spend their own money to comply with federal law.

Answer 28

unfunded mandates

Question 29

Backlash to federal preemption and unfunded mandates led to calls for XXXXX: transferring responsibility from the federal government to state or local governments.

Answer 29

Devoltion

Question 30

Efforts by presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan to devolve many policies back to the states

Answer 30

New Federalism

Question 31

federal grants-in-aid that allow states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent

Answer 31

Block grants

Question 32

process by which one unit of government yields a portion of its tax income to another unit of government, according to an established formula

Answer 32

General revenue sharing

Question 33

economic policies designed to control the economy through taxing and spending, with the goal of benefiting the poor

Answer 33

Redistributive Program